Minint/Report/lab2/zivro-lab2-report-with-code.md

Лабораторная работа 2

Способы и средства хранения и обработки графических данных

Вариант ИВ1: разработка растрового редактора

1. Цель и практический результат

Цель работы - разработать растровый редактор, выполняющий создание, загрузку, редактирование и сохранение графического контейнера с пиксельными данными, а также реализовать базовые инструменты рисования и редактирования фрагментов.

Практический результат:

• разработано настольное приложение Minint на C# + Avalonia;
• реализован собственный бинарный формат контейнера .minint с чтением/записью;
• реализованы инструменты Brush, Eraser, Fill, Select, Copy/Cut/Paste;
• подготовлена документация с UML-диаграммами и приложением исходного кода.

2. Соответствие варианту ИВ1 и замечание по структуре контейнера

По методическим указаниям ИВ1 требуется использовать структуру пикселя и контейнера из одного из вариантов КВ1–КВ4.

В текущем проекте фактически реализован палитровый контейнер с RGBA-палитрой и индексами пикселей (MinintContainer/MinintDocument/MinintLayer), что не совпадает буквально с описаниями КВ1–КВ4, но полностью закрывает функциональные требования ИВ1 (создание, редактирование, загрузка, сохранение, инструменты рисования, работа с фрагментами).

Это ограничение фиксируется в отчёте явно, чтобы не было расхождения между кодом и документацией.

3. Выполнение основных требований ИВ1

3.1 Создание, загрузка и сохранение контейнера

• создание нового контейнера выполняется через EditorViewModel.NewContainer(...);
• загрузка/сохранение выполняется через MinintSerializer (собственная реализация чтения/записи);
• контейнер хранит общие размеры, набор документов (кадров), палитры и слои.

Реализация: Minint/ViewModels/EditorViewModel.cs, Minint.Infrastructure/Serialization/MinintSerializer.cs, Minint.Core/Models/*.

3.2 Редактирование единичных пикселей

• инструмент Brush изменяет значения пикселей маской радиуса;
• инструмент Eraser записывает индекс прозрачного цвета (0);
• выбор цвета выполняется через текущий SelectedColor и палитру документа.

Реализация: Minint.Core/Services/Impl/DrawingService.cs, Minint/ViewModels/EditorViewModel.cs.

3.3 Непрерывная отрисовка "кистью"

• при перемещении мыши по зажатой кнопке вызывается последовательная обработка точек;
• маска кисти вычисляется как круг по радиусу;
• поддерживается визуальный preview маски инструмента.

Реализация: Minint/Controls/PixelCanvas.cs, Minint/Core/Services/Impl/DrawingService.cs, Minint/ViewModels/EditorViewModel.cs.

3.4 Закраска области ("заливка")

• реализован алгоритм flood fill (4-связность);
• заливка ограничена областью одинакового исходного индекса;
• алгоритм работает в границах изображения.

Реализация: Minint.Core/Services/Impl/FloodFillService.cs.

3.5 Выделение, копирование/вырезание и вставка фрагмента

• реализована рамка выделения (SelectionRect);
• данные буфера обмена хранятся в palette-independent виде (ClipboardFragment, RGBA);
• вставка поддерживает предпросмотр и подтверждение позиции;
• прозрачные пиксели фрагмента при вставке пропускаются.

Реализация: Minint/ViewModels/EditorViewModel.cs, Minint/Controls/PixelCanvas.cs, Minint.Core/Services/Impl/FragmentService.cs.

4. Структура контейнера и пикселя

4.1 Структура контейнера .minint

Контейнер состоит из:

1. Заголовка файла:
   • сигнатура MININT;
   • версия формата;
   • ширина и высота;
   • количество документов;
   • резерв.
2. Набора документов:
   • имя документа;
   • задержка кадра;
   • палитра RGBA;
   • набор слоёв.
3. Набора слоёв:
   • имя слоя;
   • признак видимости;
   • непрозрачность;
   • массив индексов пикселей.

4.2 Структура пикселя

Логически пиксель хранится как индекс в палитре документа (int в ОЗУ, переменная ширина 1..4 байта в файле), а итоговый цвет формируется по таблице RgbaColor.

5. Основные алгоритмы

1. Запись контейнера в бинарный поток (WriteHeader, WriteDocument, WriteLayer).
2. Чтение и валидация контейнера (ReadHeader, ReadDocument, ReadLayer).
3. Круглая кисть по маске радиуса.
4. Очистка пикселей ластиком.
5. Flood fill по очереди.
6. Копирование/вставка фрагмента с отсечением по границам.
7. Композиция слоёв при обновлении холста.

6. UML-диаграммы (PlantUML)

6.1 Основной рабочий цикл редактора

Report/lab2/uml/lr2-editor-workflow.puml

6.2 Формат контейнера и сериализация

Report/lab2/uml/lr2-container-serialization.puml

6.3 Инструменты рисования и заливки

Report/lab2/uml/lr2-tools-and-fill.puml

6.4 Выделение и буфер обмена фрагментов

Report/lab2/uml/lr2-selection-copy-paste.puml

7. Проверка работоспособности

Для проверки корректности реализации используются модульные тесты проекта Minint.Tests:

• DrawingTests;
• FloodFillTests;
• FragmentServiceTests;
• SerializerTests;
• CompositorTests;
• ExportTests.

8. Вывод

В рамках ЛР2 (вариант ИВ1) реализовано рабочее приложение-растровый редактор с собственным контейнером данных и базовым набором инструментов редактирования изображения. Практические требования ИВ1 закрыты на уровне пользовательского сценария и программной реализации.

Отдельно зафиксировано, что выбранная структура контейнера является палитровой и не повторяет буквально формулировки КВ1–КВ4; при этом это не противоречит задаче разработки редактора и демонстрирует полноценную обработку графических данных.

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Приложение A. Исходные тексты

Сформировано автоматически скриптом Report/append_sources_to_report.py (файлов: 48).

A.1. Minint.Core/Models/MinintContainer.cs

namespace Minint.Core.Models;

/// <summary>
/// Top-level container: holds dimensions shared by all documents/layers,
/// and a list of documents (frames).
/// </summary>
public sealed class MinintContainer
{
    public int Width { get; set; }
    public int Height { get; set; }
    public List<MinintDocument> Documents { get; }

    public int PixelCount => Width * Height;

    public MinintContainer(int width, int height)
    {
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(width, 1);
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(height, 1);

        Width = width;
        Height = height;
        Documents = [];
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a new document with a single transparent layer and adds it to the container.
    /// </summary>
    public MinintDocument AddNewDocument(string name)
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument(name);
        doc.Layers.Add(new MinintLayer("Layer 1", PixelCount));
        Documents.Add(doc);
        return doc;
    }
}

A.2. Minint.Core/Models/MinintDocument.cs

namespace Minint.Core.Models;

/// <summary>
/// A single document (frame) within a container.
/// Has its own palette shared by all layers, plus a list of layers.
/// </summary>
public sealed class MinintDocument
{
    public string Name { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Delay before showing the next frame during animation playback (ms).
    /// </summary>
    public uint FrameDelayMs { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Document palette. Index 0 is always <see cref="RgbaColor.Transparent"/>.
    /// All layers reference colors by index into this list.
    /// </summary>
    public List<RgbaColor> Palette { get; }

    public List<MinintLayer> Layers { get; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Reverse lookup cache: RgbaColor → palette index. Built lazily, invalidated
    /// on structural palette changes (compact, clear). Call <see cref="InvalidatePaletteCache"/>
    /// after bulk palette modifications.
    /// </summary>
    private Dictionary<RgbaColor, int>? _paletteCache;

    public MinintDocument(string name)
    {
        Name = name;
        FrameDelayMs = 100;
        Palette = [RgbaColor.Transparent];
        Layers = [];
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Constructor for deserialization — accepts pre-built palette and layers.
    /// </summary>
    public MinintDocument(string name, uint frameDelayMs, List<RgbaColor> palette, List<MinintLayer> layers)
    {
        Name = name;
        FrameDelayMs = frameDelayMs;
        Palette = palette;
        Layers = layers;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the number of bytes needed to store a single palette index on disk.
    /// </summary>
    public int IndexByteWidth => Palette.Count switch
    {
        <= 255 => 1,
        <= 65_535 => 2,
        <= 16_777_215 => 3,
        _ => 4
    };

    /// <summary>
    /// O(1) lookup of a color in the palette. Returns the index, or -1 if not found.
    /// Lazily builds an internal dictionary on first call.
    /// </summary>
    public int FindColorCached(RgbaColor color)
    {
        var cache = EnsurePaletteCache();
        return cache.GetValueOrDefault(color, -1);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the index of <paramref name="color"/>. If absent, appends it to the palette
    /// and updates the cache. O(1) amortized.
    /// </summary>
    public int EnsureColorCached(RgbaColor color)
    {
        var cache = EnsurePaletteCache();
        if (cache.TryGetValue(color, out int idx))
            return idx;

        idx = Palette.Count;
        Palette.Add(color);
        cache[color] = idx;
        return idx;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Drops the reverse lookup cache. Must be called after any operation that
    /// reorders, removes, or bulk-replaces palette entries (e.g. compact, grayscale).
    /// </summary>
    public void InvalidatePaletteCache() => _paletteCache = null;

    private Dictionary<RgbaColor, int> EnsurePaletteCache()
    {
        if (_paletteCache is not null)
            return _paletteCache;

        var cache = new Dictionary<RgbaColor, int>(Palette.Count);
        for (int i = 0; i < Palette.Count; i++)
            cache.TryAdd(Palette[i], i); // first occurrence wins (for dupes)
        _paletteCache = cache;
        return cache;
    }
}

A.3. Minint.Core/Models/MinintLayer.cs

using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

namespace Minint.Core.Models;

/// <summary>
/// A single raster layer. Pixels are indices into the parent document's palette.
/// Array layout is row-major: Pixels[y * width + x].
/// </summary>
public sealed class MinintLayer : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    private string _name;
    private bool _isVisible;
    private byte _opacity;

    public string Name
    {
        get => _name;
        set { if (_name != value) { _name = value; Notify(); } }
    }

    public bool IsVisible
    {
        get => _isVisible;
        set { if (_isVisible != value) { _isVisible = value; Notify(); } }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Per-layer opacity (0 = fully transparent, 255 = fully opaque).
    /// Used during compositing: effective alpha = paletteColor.A * Opacity / 255.
    /// </summary>
    public byte Opacity
    {
        get => _opacity;
        set { if (_opacity != value) { _opacity = value; Notify(); } }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Palette indices, length must equal container Width * Height.
    /// Index 0 = transparent by convention.
    /// </summary>
    public int[] Pixels { get; }

    public MinintLayer(string name, int pixelCount)
    {
        _name = name;
        _isVisible = true;
        _opacity = 255;
        Pixels = new int[pixelCount];
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Constructor for deserialization — accepts a pre-filled pixel buffer.
    /// </summary>
    public MinintLayer(string name, bool isVisible, byte opacity, int[] pixels)
    {
        _name = name;
        _isVisible = isVisible;
        _opacity = opacity;
        Pixels = pixels;
    }

    public event PropertyChangedEventHandler? PropertyChanged;
    private void Notify([CallerMemberName] string? prop = null)
        => PropertyChanged?.Invoke(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(prop));
}

A.4. Minint.Core/Models/RgbaColor.cs

using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

namespace Minint.Core.Models;

/// <summary>
/// 4-byte RGBA color value. Equality is component-wise.
/// </summary>
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, Pack = 1)]
public readonly record struct RgbaColor(byte R, byte G, byte B, byte A)
{
    public static readonly RgbaColor Transparent = new(0, 0, 0, 0);
    public static readonly RgbaColor Black = new(0, 0, 0, 255);
    public static readonly RgbaColor White = new(255, 255, 255, 255);

    /// <summary>
    /// Packs color into a single uint as 0xAABBGGRR (little-endian RGBA).
    /// Suitable for writing directly into BGRA bitmap buffers after byte-swap,
    /// or for use as a dictionary key.
    /// </summary>
    public uint ToPackedRgba() =>
        (uint)(R | (G << 8) | (B << 16) | (A << 24));

    public static RgbaColor FromPackedRgba(uint packed) =>
        new(
            (byte)(packed & 0xFF),
            (byte)((packed >> 8) & 0xFF),
            (byte)((packed >> 16) & 0xFF),
            (byte)((packed >> 24) & 0xFF));

    /// <summary>
    /// Packs as 0xAARRGGBB — used for Avalonia/SkiaSharp pixel buffers.
    /// </summary>
    public uint ToPackedArgb() =>
        (uint)(B | (G << 8) | (R << 16) | (A << 24));

    public override string ToString() => $"#{R:X2}{G:X2}{B:X2}{A:X2}";
}

A.5. Minint.Core/Services/IBmpExporter.cs

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface IBmpExporter
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Exports a composited ARGB pixel buffer as a 32-bit BMP file.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="stream">Output stream.</param>
    /// <param name="pixels">Pixel data packed as 0xAARRGGBB, row-major.</param>
    /// <param name="width">Image width.</param>
    /// <param name="height">Image height.</param>
    void Export(Stream stream, uint[] pixels, int width, int height);
}

A.6. Minint.Core/Services/ICompositor.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface ICompositor
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Composites all visible layers of <paramref name="document"/> into a flat RGBA buffer.
    /// Result is packed as ARGB (0xAARRGGBB) per pixel, row-major, length = width * height.
    /// Layers are blended bottom-to-top with alpha compositing.
    /// </summary>
    uint[] Composite(MinintDocument document, int width, int height);
}

A.7. Minint.Core/Services/IDrawingService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface IDrawingService
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Applies a circular brush stroke at (<paramref name="cx"/>, <paramref name="cy"/>)
    /// with the given <paramref name="radius"/>. Sets affected pixels to <paramref name="colorIndex"/>.
    /// </summary>
    void ApplyBrush(MinintLayer layer, int cx, int cy, int radius, int colorIndex, int width, int height);

    /// <summary>
    /// Applies a circular eraser at (<paramref name="cx"/>, <paramref name="cy"/>)
    /// with the given <paramref name="radius"/>. Sets affected pixels to index 0 (transparent).
    /// </summary>
    void ApplyEraser(MinintLayer layer, int cx, int cy, int radius, int width, int height);

    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the set of pixel coordinates affected by a circular brush/eraser
    /// centered at (<paramref name="cx"/>, <paramref name="cy"/>) with given <paramref name="radius"/>.
    /// Used for tool preview overlay.
    /// </summary>
    List<(int X, int Y)> GetBrushMask(int cx, int cy, int radius, int width, int height);
}

A.8. Minint.Core/Services/IFloodFillService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface IFloodFillService
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Flood-fills a contiguous region of identical color starting at (<paramref name="x"/>, <paramref name="y"/>)
    /// with <paramref name="newColorIndex"/>. Uses 4-connectivity (up/down/left/right).
    /// </summary>
    void Fill(MinintLayer layer, int x, int y, int newColorIndex, int width, int height);
}

A.9. Minint.Core/Services/IFragmentService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface IFragmentService
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Copies a rectangular region from one document/layer to another.
    /// Palette colors are merged: missing colors are added to the destination palette.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="srcDoc">Source document.</param>
    /// <param name="srcLayerIndex">Index of the source layer.</param>
    /// <param name="srcX">Source rectangle X origin.</param>
    /// <param name="srcY">Source rectangle Y origin.</param>
    /// <param name="regionWidth">Width of the region to copy.</param>
    /// <param name="regionHeight">Height of the region to copy.</param>
    /// <param name="dstDoc">Destination document.</param>
    /// <param name="dstLayerIndex">Index of the destination layer.</param>
    /// <param name="dstX">Destination X origin.</param>
    /// <param name="dstY">Destination Y origin.</param>
    /// <param name="containerWidth">Container width (shared by both docs).</param>
    /// <param name="containerHeight">Container height (shared by both docs).</param>
    void CopyFragment(
        MinintDocument srcDoc, int srcLayerIndex,
        int srcX, int srcY, int regionWidth, int regionHeight,
        MinintDocument dstDoc, int dstLayerIndex,
        int dstX, int dstY,
        int containerWidth, int containerHeight);
}

A.10. Minint.Core/Services/IGifExporter.cs

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface IGifExporter
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Exports multiple frames as an animated GIF.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="stream">Output stream.</param>
    /// <param name="frames">Sequence of (ARGB pixels, delay in ms) per frame.</param>
    /// <param name="width">Frame width.</param>
    /// <param name="height">Frame height.</param>
    void Export(Stream stream, IReadOnlyList<(uint[] Pixels, uint DelayMs)> frames, int width, int height);
}

A.11. Minint.Core/Services/IImageEffectService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface IImageEffectService
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Adjusts contrast of the document by modifying palette colors.
    /// <paramref name="factor"/> > 1 increases contrast, &lt; 1 decreases.
    /// Index 0 (transparent) is not modified.
    /// </summary>
    void AdjustContrast(MinintDocument document, float factor);

    /// <summary>
    /// Converts the document to grayscale by modifying palette colors.
    /// Uses ITU-R BT.601 luminance: gray = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B.
    /// Index 0 (transparent) is not modified.
    /// </summary>
    void ToGrayscale(MinintDocument document);
}

A.12. Minint.Core/Services/IImageEffectsService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface IImageEffectsService
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Adjusts contrast of the document by transforming its palette colors.
    /// <paramref name="factor"/> of 0 = all gray, 1 = no change, >1 = increased contrast.
    /// </summary>
    void ApplyContrast(MinintDocument doc, double factor);

    /// <summary>
    /// Converts the document to grayscale by transforming its palette colors
    /// using the luminance formula: 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B.
    /// </summary>
    void ApplyGrayscale(MinintDocument doc);
}

A.13. Minint.Core/Services/IMinintSerializer.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface IMinintSerializer
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Serializes the container to a binary .minint stream.
    /// </summary>
    void Write(Stream stream, MinintContainer container);

    /// <summary>
    /// Deserializes a .minint stream into a container.
    /// Throws <see cref="InvalidDataException"/> on format/validation errors.
    /// </summary>
    MinintContainer Read(Stream stream);
}

A.14. Minint.Core/Services/IPaletteService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public interface IPaletteService
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Returns the index of <paramref name="color"/> in the document palette.
    /// If the color is not present, appends it and returns the new index.
    /// </summary>
    int EnsureColor(MinintDocument document, RgbaColor color);

    /// <summary>
    /// Finds index of an exact color match, or returns -1 if not found.
    /// </summary>
    int FindColor(MinintDocument document, RgbaColor color);

    /// <summary>
    /// Removes unused colors from the palette and remaps all layer pixel indices.
    /// Index 0 (transparent) is always preserved.
    /// </summary>
    void CompactPalette(MinintDocument document);
}

A.15. Minint.Core/Services/IPatternGenerator.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services;

public enum PatternType
{
    Checkerboard,
    HorizontalGradient,
    VerticalGradient,
    HorizontalStripes,
    VerticalStripes,
    ConcentricCircles,
    Tile
}

public interface IPatternGenerator
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Generates a new document with a single layer filled with the specified pattern.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="type">Pattern type.</param>
    /// <param name="width">Image width in pixels.</param>
    /// <param name="height">Image height in pixels.</param>
    /// <param name="colors">Colors to use (interpretation depends on pattern type).</param>
    /// <param name="param1">Primary parameter: cell/stripe size, ring width, etc.</param>
    /// <param name="param2">Secondary parameter (optional, pattern-dependent).</param>
    MinintDocument Generate(PatternType type, int width, int height, RgbaColor[] colors, int param1, int param2 = 0);
}

A.16. Minint.Core/Services/Impl/Compositor.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

public sealed class Compositor : ICompositor
{
    /// <inheritdoc />
    public uint[] Composite(MinintDocument document, int width, int height)
    {
        int pixelCount = width * height;
        var result = new uint[pixelCount]; // starts as 0x00000000 (transparent black)

        var palette = document.Palette;

        foreach (var layer in document.Layers)
        {
            if (!layer.IsVisible)
                continue;

            byte layerOpacity = layer.Opacity;
            if (layerOpacity == 0)
                continue;

            var pixels = layer.Pixels;
            for (int i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++)
            {
                int idx = pixels[i];
                if (idx == 0)
                    continue; // transparent — skip

                var src = palette[idx];

                // Effective source alpha = palette alpha * layer opacity / 255
                int srcA = src.A * layerOpacity / 255;
                if (srcA == 0)
                    continue;

                if (srcA == 255)
                {
                    // Fully opaque — fast path, no blending needed
                    result[i] = PackArgb(src.R, src.G, src.B, 255);
                    continue;
                }

                // Standard "over" alpha compositing
                uint dst = result[i];
                int dstA = (int)(dst >> 24);
                int dstR = (int)((dst >> 16) & 0xFF);
                int dstG = (int)((dst >> 8) & 0xFF);
                int dstB = (int)(dst & 0xFF);

                int outA = srcA + dstA * (255 - srcA) / 255;
                if (outA == 0)
                    continue;

                int outR = (src.R * srcA + dstR * dstA * (255 - srcA) / 255) / outA;
                int outG = (src.G * srcA + dstG * dstA * (255 - srcA) / 255) / outA;
                int outB = (src.B * srcA + dstB * dstA * (255 - srcA) / 255) / outA;

                result[i] = PackArgb(
                    (byte)Math.Min(outR, 255),
                    (byte)Math.Min(outG, 255),
                    (byte)Math.Min(outB, 255),
                    (byte)Math.Min(outA, 255));
            }
        }

        return result;
    }

    private static uint PackArgb(byte r, byte g, byte b, byte a) =>
        (uint)(b | (g << 8) | (r << 16) | (a << 24));
}

A.17. Minint.Core/Services/Impl/DrawingService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

public sealed class DrawingService : IDrawingService
{
    public void ApplyBrush(MinintLayer layer, int cx, int cy, int radius, int colorIndex, int width, int height)
    {
        foreach (var (x, y) in GetBrushMask(cx, cy, radius, width, height))
            layer.Pixels[y * width + x] = colorIndex;
    }

    public void ApplyEraser(MinintLayer layer, int cx, int cy, int radius, int width, int height)
    {
        foreach (var (x, y) in GetBrushMask(cx, cy, radius, width, height))
            layer.Pixels[y * width + x] = 0;
    }

    public List<(int X, int Y)> GetBrushMask(int cx, int cy, int radius, int width, int height)
    {
        var mask = new List<(int, int)>();
        int r = Math.Max(radius, 0);
        int r2 = r * r;

        int xMin = Math.Max(0, cx - r);
        int xMax = Math.Min(width - 1, cx + r);
        int yMin = Math.Max(0, cy - r);
        int yMax = Math.Min(height - 1, cy + r);

        for (int py = yMin; py <= yMax; py++)
        {
            int dy = py - cy;
            for (int px = xMin; px <= xMax; px++)
            {
                int dx = px - cx;
                if (dx * dx + dy * dy <= r2)
                    mask.Add((px, py));
            }
        }

        return mask;
    }
}

A.18. Minint.Core/Services/Impl/FloodFillService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

public sealed class FloodFillService : IFloodFillService
{
    public void Fill(MinintLayer layer, int x, int y, int newColorIndex, int width, int height)
    {
        if (x < 0 || x >= width || y < 0 || y >= height)
            return;

        var pixels = layer.Pixels;
        int targetIndex = pixels[y * width + x];

        if (targetIndex == newColorIndex)
            return;

        var queue = new Queue<(int X, int Y)>();
        var visited = new bool[width * height];

        queue.Enqueue((x, y));
        visited[y * width + x] = true;

        while (queue.Count > 0)
        {
            var (cx, cy) = queue.Dequeue();
            pixels[cy * width + cx] = newColorIndex;

            Span<(int, int)> neighbors =
            [
                (cx - 1, cy), (cx + 1, cy),
                (cx, cy - 1), (cx, cy + 1)
            ];

            foreach (var (nx, ny) in neighbors)
            {
                if (nx < 0 || nx >= width || ny < 0 || ny >= height)
                    continue;
                int ni = ny * width + nx;
                if (visited[ni] || pixels[ni] != targetIndex)
                    continue;
                visited[ni] = true;
                queue.Enqueue((nx, ny));
            }
        }
    }
}

A.19. Minint.Core/Services/Impl/FragmentService.cs

using System;
using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

public sealed class FragmentService : IFragmentService
{
    public void CopyFragment(
        MinintDocument srcDoc, int srcLayerIndex,
        int srcX, int srcY, int regionWidth, int regionHeight,
        MinintDocument dstDoc, int dstLayerIndex,
        int dstX, int dstY,
        int containerWidth, int containerHeight)
    {
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegative(srcLayerIndex);
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfNegative(dstLayerIndex);
        if (srcLayerIndex >= srcDoc.Layers.Count)
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(srcLayerIndex));
        if (dstLayerIndex >= dstDoc.Layers.Count)
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(dstLayerIndex));

        var srcLayer = srcDoc.Layers[srcLayerIndex];
        var dstLayer = dstDoc.Layers[dstLayerIndex];

        int clippedSrcX = Math.Max(srcX, 0);
        int clippedSrcY = Math.Max(srcY, 0);
        int clippedEndX = Math.Min(srcX + regionWidth, containerWidth);
        int clippedEndY = Math.Min(srcY + regionHeight, containerHeight);

        for (int sy = clippedSrcY; sy < clippedEndY; sy++)
        {
            int dy = dstY + (sy - srcY);
            if (dy < 0 || dy >= containerHeight) continue;

            for (int sx = clippedSrcX; sx < clippedEndX; sx++)
            {
                int dx = dstX + (sx - srcX);
                if (dx < 0 || dx >= containerWidth) continue;

                int srcIdx = srcLayer.Pixels[sy * containerWidth + sx];
                if (srcIdx == 0) continue; // skip transparent

                RgbaColor color = srcDoc.Palette[srcIdx];
                int dstIdx = dstDoc.EnsureColorCached(color);
                dstLayer.Pixels[dy * containerWidth + dx] = dstIdx;
            }
        }
    }
}

A.20. Minint.Core/Services/Impl/ImageEffectsService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

public sealed class ImageEffectsService : IImageEffectsService
{
    public void ApplyContrast(MinintDocument doc, double factor)
    {
        for (int i = 1; i < doc.Palette.Count; i++)
        {
            var c = doc.Palette[i];
            doc.Palette[i] = new RgbaColor(
                ContrastByte(c.R, factor),
                ContrastByte(c.G, factor),
                ContrastByte(c.B, factor),
                c.A);
        }
        doc.InvalidatePaletteCache();
    }

    public void ApplyGrayscale(MinintDocument doc)
    {
        for (int i = 1; i < doc.Palette.Count; i++)
        {
            var c = doc.Palette[i];
            byte gray = (byte)Math.Clamp((int)(0.299 * c.R + 0.587 * c.G + 0.114 * c.B + 0.5), 0, 255);
            doc.Palette[i] = new RgbaColor(gray, gray, gray, c.A);
        }
        doc.InvalidatePaletteCache();
    }

    private static byte ContrastByte(byte value, double factor)
    {
        double v = ((value / 255.0) - 0.5) * factor + 0.5;
        return (byte)Math.Clamp((int)(v * 255 + 0.5), 0, 255);
    }
}

A.21. Minint.Core/Services/Impl/PaletteService.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

public sealed class PaletteService : IPaletteService
{
    public int FindColor(MinintDocument document, RgbaColor color)
        => document.FindColorCached(color);

    public int EnsureColor(MinintDocument document, RgbaColor color)
        => document.EnsureColorCached(color);

    public void CompactPalette(MinintDocument document)
    {
        var palette = document.Palette;
        if (palette.Count <= 1)
            return;

        var usedIndices = new HashSet<int> { 0 };
        foreach (var layer in document.Layers)
        {
            foreach (int idx in layer.Pixels)
                usedIndices.Add(idx);
        }

        var oldToNew = new int[palette.Count];
        var newPalette = new List<RgbaColor>(usedIndices.Count);

        newPalette.Add(palette[0]);
        oldToNew[0] = 0;

        for (int i = 1; i < palette.Count; i++)
        {
            if (usedIndices.Contains(i))
            {
                oldToNew[i] = newPalette.Count;
                newPalette.Add(palette[i]);
            }
        }

        if (newPalette.Count == palette.Count)
            return;

        palette.Clear();
        palette.AddRange(newPalette);

        foreach (var layer in document.Layers)
        {
            var px = layer.Pixels;
            for (int i = 0; i < px.Length; i++)
                px[i] = oldToNew[px[i]];
        }

        document.InvalidatePaletteCache();
    }
}

A.22. Minint.Core/Services/Impl/PatternGenerator.cs

using System;
using Minint.Core.Models;

namespace Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

public sealed class PatternGenerator : IPatternGenerator
{
    public MinintDocument Generate(PatternType type, int width, int height, RgbaColor[] colors, int param1, int param2 = 0)
    {
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(width, 1);
        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(height, 1);
        if (colors.Length < 2)
            throw new ArgumentException("At least two colors are required.", nameof(colors));

        var doc = new MinintDocument($"Pattern ({type})");
        var layer = new MinintLayer("Pattern", width * height);
        doc.Layers.Add(layer);

        int[] colorIndices = new int[colors.Length];
        for (int i = 0; i < colors.Length; i++)
            colorIndices[i] = doc.EnsureColorCached(colors[i]);

        int cellSize = Math.Max(param1, 1);

        switch (type)
        {
            case PatternType.Checkerboard:
                FillCheckerboard(layer.Pixels, width, height, colorIndices, cellSize);
                break;
            case PatternType.HorizontalGradient:
                FillGradient(layer.Pixels, width, height, colors[0], colors[1], doc, horizontal: true);
                break;
            case PatternType.VerticalGradient:
                FillGradient(layer.Pixels, width, height, colors[0], colors[1], doc, horizontal: false);
                break;
            case PatternType.HorizontalStripes:
                FillStripes(layer.Pixels, width, height, colorIndices, cellSize, horizontal: true);
                break;
            case PatternType.VerticalStripes:
                FillStripes(layer.Pixels, width, height, colorIndices, cellSize, horizontal: false);
                break;
            case PatternType.ConcentricCircles:
                FillCircles(layer.Pixels, width, height, colorIndices, cellSize);
                break;
            case PatternType.Tile:
                FillTile(layer.Pixels, width, height, colorIndices, cellSize, Math.Max(param2, 1));
                break;
        }

        return doc;
    }

    private static void FillCheckerboard(int[] pixels, int w, int h, int[] ci, int cell)
    {
        for (int y = 0; y < h; y++)
            for (int x = 0; x < w; x++)
                pixels[y * w + x] = ci[((x / cell) + (y / cell)) % 2 == 0 ? 0 : 1];
    }

    private static void FillGradient(int[] pixels, int w, int h, RgbaColor c0, RgbaColor c1,
                                      MinintDocument doc, bool horizontal)
    {
        int steps = horizontal ? w : h;
        for (int s = 0; s < steps; s++)
        {
            double t = steps > 1 ? (double)s / (steps - 1) : 0;
            var c = new RgbaColor(
                Lerp(c0.R, c1.R, t), Lerp(c0.G, c1.G, t),
                Lerp(c0.B, c1.B, t), Lerp(c0.A, c1.A, t));
            int idx = doc.EnsureColorCached(c);
            if (horizontal)
                for (int y = 0; y < h; y++) pixels[y * w + s] = idx;
            else
                for (int x = 0; x < w; x++) pixels[s * w + x] = idx;
        }
    }

    private static void FillStripes(int[] pixels, int w, int h, int[] ci, int stripe, bool horizontal)
    {
        for (int y = 0; y < h; y++)
            for (int x = 0; x < w; x++)
            {
                int coord = horizontal ? y : x;
                pixels[y * w + x] = ci[(coord / stripe) % ci.Length];
            }
    }

    private static void FillCircles(int[] pixels, int w, int h, int[] ci, int ringWidth)
    {
        double cx = (w - 1) / 2.0, cy = (h - 1) / 2.0;
        for (int y = 0; y < h; y++)
            for (int x = 0; x < w; x++)
            {
                double dist = Math.Sqrt((x - cx) * (x - cx) + (y - cy) * (y - cy));
                int ring = (int)(dist / ringWidth);
                pixels[y * w + x] = ci[ring % ci.Length];
            }
    }

    private static void FillTile(int[] pixels, int w, int h, int[] ci, int tileW, int tileH)
    {
        for (int y = 0; y < h; y++)
            for (int x = 0; x < w; x++)
            {
                int tx = (x / tileW) % ci.Length;
                int ty = (y / tileH) % ci.Length;
                pixels[y * w + x] = ci[(tx + ty) % ci.Length];
            }
    }

    private static byte Lerp(byte a, byte b, double t)
        => (byte)Math.Clamp((int)(a + (b - a) * t + 0.5), 0, 255);
}

A.23. Minint.Infrastructure/Export/BmpExporter.cs

using Minint.Core.Services;

namespace Minint.Infrastructure.Export;

/// <summary>
/// Writes a 32-bit BGRA BMP (BITMAPV4HEADER) from an ARGB pixel buffer.
/// BMP rows are bottom-up, so we flip vertically during write.
/// </summary>
public sealed class BmpExporter : IBmpExporter
{
    private const int BmpFileHeaderSize = 14;
    private const int BitmapV4HeaderSize = 108;
    private const int HeadersTotal = BmpFileHeaderSize + BitmapV4HeaderSize;

    public void Export(Stream stream, uint[] pixels, int width, int height)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(stream);
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(pixels);
        if (pixels.Length != width * height)
            throw new ArgumentException("Pixel buffer size does not match dimensions.");

        int rowBytes = width * 4;
        int imageSize = rowBytes * height;
        int fileSize = HeadersTotal + imageSize;

        using var w = new BinaryWriter(stream, System.Text.Encoding.UTF8, leaveOpen: true);

        // BITMAPFILEHEADER (14 bytes)
        w.Write((byte)'B');
        w.Write((byte)'M');
        w.Write(fileSize);
        w.Write((ushort)0); // reserved1
        w.Write((ushort)0); // reserved2
        w.Write(HeadersTotal); // pixel data offset

        // BITMAPV4HEADER (108 bytes)
        w.Write(BitmapV4HeaderSize);
        w.Write(width);
        w.Write(height); // positive = bottom-up
        w.Write((ushort)1); // planes
        w.Write((ushort)32); // bpp
        w.Write(3); // biCompression = BI_BITFIELDS
        w.Write(imageSize);
        w.Write(2835); // X pixels per meter (~72 DPI)
        w.Write(2835); // Y pixels per meter
        w.Write(0); // colors used
        w.Write(0); // important colors

        // Channel masks (BGRA order in file)
        w.Write(0x00FF0000u); // red mask
        w.Write(0x0000FF00u); // green mask
        w.Write(0x000000FFu); // blue mask
        w.Write(0xFF000000u); // alpha mask

        // Color space type: LCS_sRGB
        w.Write(0x73524742); // 'sRGB'
        // CIEXYZTRIPLE endpoints (36 bytes zeroed)
        w.Write(new byte[36]);
        // Gamma RGB (12 bytes zeroed)
        w.Write(new byte[12]);

        // Pixel data: BMP is bottom-up, our buffer is top-down
        for (int y = height - 1; y >= 0; y--)
        {
            int rowStart = y * width;
            for (int x = 0; x < width; x++)
            {
                uint argb = pixels[rowStart + x];
                byte a = (byte)(argb >> 24);
                byte r = (byte)((argb >> 16) & 0xFF);
                byte g = (byte)((argb >> 8) & 0xFF);
                byte b = (byte)(argb & 0xFF);
                w.Write(b);
                w.Write(g);
                w.Write(r);
                w.Write(a);
            }
        }
    }
}

A.24. Minint.Infrastructure/Export/GifExporter.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using Minint.Core.Services;

namespace Minint.Infrastructure.Export;

/// <summary>
/// Self-implemented GIF89a animated exporter.
/// Quantizes each ARGB frame to 256 colors (including transparent) using popularity.
/// Uses LZW compression as required by the GIF spec.
/// </summary>
public sealed class GifExporter : IGifExporter
{
    public void Export(Stream stream, IReadOnlyList<(uint[] Pixels, uint DelayMs)> frames, int width, int height)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(stream);
        if (frames.Count == 0)
            throw new ArgumentException("At least one frame is required.");

        using var w = new BinaryWriter(stream, System.Text.Encoding.UTF8, leaveOpen: true);

        WriteGifHeader(w, width, height);
        WriteNetscapeExtension(w); // infinite loop

        foreach (var (pixels, delayMs) in frames)
        {
            var (palette, indices, transparentIndex) = Quantize(pixels, width * height);
            int colorBits = GetColorBits(palette.Length);
            int tableSize = 1 << colorBits;

            WriteGraphicControlExtension(w, delayMs, transparentIndex);
            WriteImageDescriptor(w, width, height, colorBits);
            WriteColorTable(w, palette, tableSize);
            WriteLzwImageData(w, indices, colorBits);
        }

        w.Write((byte)0x3B); // GIF trailer
    }

    private static void WriteGifHeader(BinaryWriter w, int width, int height)
    {
        w.Write("GIF89a"u8.ToArray());
        w.Write((ushort)width);
        w.Write((ushort)height);
        // Global color table flag=0, color resolution=7, sort=0, gct size=0
        w.Write((byte)0x70);
        w.Write((byte)0); // background color index
        w.Write((byte)0); // pixel aspect ratio
    }

    private static void WriteNetscapeExtension(BinaryWriter w)
    {
        w.Write((byte)0x21); // extension introducer
        w.Write((byte)0xFF); // application extension
        w.Write((byte)11); // block size
        w.Write("NETSCAPE2.0"u8.ToArray());
        w.Write((byte)3); // sub-block size
        w.Write((byte)1); // sub-block ID
        w.Write((ushort)0); // loop count: 0 = infinite
        w.Write((byte)0); // block terminator
    }

    private static void WriteGraphicControlExtension(BinaryWriter w, uint delayMs, int transparentIndex)
    {
        w.Write((byte)0x21); // extension introducer
        w.Write((byte)0xF9); // graphic control label
        w.Write((byte)4); // block size
        byte packed = (byte)(transparentIndex >= 0 ? 0x09 : 0x08);
        // disposal method=2 (restore to background), no user input, transparent flag
        w.Write(packed);
        ushort delayCs = (ushort)(delayMs / 10); // GIF delay is in centiseconds
        if (delayCs == 0 && delayMs > 0) delayCs = 1;
        w.Write(delayCs);
        w.Write((byte)(transparentIndex >= 0 ? transparentIndex : 0));
        w.Write((byte)0); // block terminator
    }

    private static void WriteImageDescriptor(BinaryWriter w, int width, int height, int colorBits)
    {
        w.Write((byte)0x2C); // image separator
        w.Write((ushort)0); // left
        w.Write((ushort)0); // top
        w.Write((ushort)width);
        w.Write((ushort)height);
        byte packed = (byte)(0x80 | (colorBits - 1)); // local color table, not interlaced
        w.Write(packed);
    }

    private static void WriteColorTable(BinaryWriter w, byte[][] palette, int tableSize)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < tableSize; i++)
        {
            if (i < palette.Length)
            {
                w.Write(palette[i][0]); // R
                w.Write(palette[i][1]); // G
                w.Write(palette[i][2]); // B
            }
            else
            {
                w.Write((byte)0);
                w.Write((byte)0);
                w.Write((byte)0);
            }
        }
    }

    #region LZW compression

    private static void WriteLzwImageData(BinaryWriter w, byte[] indices, int colorBits)
    {
        int minCodeSize = Math.Max(colorBits, 2);
        w.Write((byte)minCodeSize);

        var output = new List<byte>();
        LzwCompress(indices, minCodeSize, output);

        int offset = 0;
        while (offset < output.Count)
        {
            int blockLen = Math.Min(255, output.Count - offset);
            w.Write((byte)blockLen);
            for (int i = 0; i < blockLen; i++)
                w.Write(output[offset + i]);
            offset += blockLen;
        }
        w.Write((byte)0); // block terminator
    }

    private static void LzwCompress(byte[] indices, int minCodeSize, List<byte> output)
    {
        int clearCode = 1 << minCodeSize;
        int eoiCode = clearCode + 1;

        int codeSize = minCodeSize + 1;
        int nextCode = eoiCode + 1;
        int maxCode = (1 << codeSize) - 1;

        var table = new Dictionary<(int Prefix, byte Suffix), int>();

        int bitBuffer = 0;
        int bitCount = 0;

        void EmitCode(int code)
        {
            bitBuffer |= code << bitCount;
            bitCount += codeSize;
            while (bitCount >= 8)
            {
                output.Add((byte)(bitBuffer & 0xFF));
                bitBuffer >>= 8;
                bitCount -= 8;
            }
        }

        void ResetTable()
        {
            table.Clear();
            codeSize = minCodeSize + 1;
            nextCode = eoiCode + 1;
            maxCode = (1 << codeSize) - 1;
        }

        EmitCode(clearCode);
        ResetTable();

        if (indices.Length == 0)
        {
            EmitCode(eoiCode);
            if (bitCount > 0) output.Add((byte)(bitBuffer & 0xFF));
            return;
        }

        int prefix = indices[0];

        for (int i = 1; i < indices.Length; i++)
        {
            byte suffix = indices[i];
            var key = (prefix, suffix);

            if (table.TryGetValue(key, out int existing))
            {
                prefix = existing;
            }
            else
            {
                EmitCode(prefix);

                if (nextCode <= 4095)
                {
                    table[key] = nextCode++;
                    if (nextCode > maxCode + 1 && codeSize < 12)
                    {
                        codeSize++;
                        maxCode = (1 << codeSize) - 1;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    EmitCode(clearCode);
                    ResetTable();
                }

                prefix = suffix;
            }
        }

        EmitCode(prefix);
        EmitCode(eoiCode);
        if (bitCount > 0) output.Add((byte)(bitBuffer & 0xFF));
    }

    #endregion

    #region Quantization

    /// <summary>
    /// Quantizes ARGB pixels to max 256 palette entries.
    /// Reserves index 0 for transparent if any pixel has alpha &lt; 128.
    /// Uses popularity-based selection for opaque colors.
    /// </summary>
    private static (byte[][] Palette, byte[] Indices, int TransparentIndex) Quantize(uint[] argb, int count)
    {
        bool hasTransparency = false;
        var colorCounts = new Dictionary<uint, int>();

        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
        {
            uint px = argb[i];
            byte a = (byte)(px >> 24);
            if (a < 128)
            {
                hasTransparency = true;
                continue;
            }
            uint opaque = px | 0xFF000000u;
            colorCounts.TryGetValue(opaque, out int c);
            colorCounts[opaque] = c + 1;
        }

        int transparentIndex = hasTransparency ? 0 : -1;
        int maxColors = hasTransparency ? 255 : 256;

        var sorted = new List<KeyValuePair<uint, int>>(colorCounts);
        sorted.Sort((a, b) => b.Value.CompareTo(a.Value));
        if (sorted.Count > maxColors)
            sorted.RemoveRange(maxColors, sorted.Count - maxColors);

        var palette = new List<byte[]>();
        var colorToIndex = new Dictionary<uint, byte>();

        if (hasTransparency)
        {
            palette.Add([0, 0, 0]); // transparent slot
        }

        foreach (var kv in sorted)
        {
            uint px = kv.Key;
            byte idx = (byte)palette.Count;
            palette.Add([
                (byte)((px >> 16) & 0xFF),
                (byte)((px >> 8) & 0xFF),
                (byte)(px & 0xFF)
            ]);
            colorToIndex[px] = idx;
        }

        if (palette.Count == 0)
            palette.Add([0, 0, 0]);

        var indices = new byte[count];
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
        {
            uint px = argb[i];
            byte a = (byte)(px >> 24);
            if (a < 128)
            {
                indices[i] = (byte)(transparentIndex >= 0 ? transparentIndex : 0);
                continue;
            }

            uint opaque = px | 0xFF000000u;
            if (colorToIndex.TryGetValue(opaque, out byte idx))
            {
                indices[i] = idx;
            }
            else
            {
                indices[i] = FindClosest(opaque, palette, hasTransparency ? 1 : 0);
            }
        }

        return (palette.ToArray(), indices, transparentIndex);
    }

    private static byte FindClosest(uint argb, List<byte[]> palette, int startIdx)
    {
        byte r = (byte)((argb >> 16) & 0xFF);
        byte g = (byte)((argb >> 8) & 0xFF);
        byte b = (byte)(argb & 0xFF);

        int bestIdx = startIdx;
        int bestDist = int.MaxValue;
        for (int i = startIdx; i < palette.Count; i++)
        {
            int dr = r - palette[i][0];
            int dg = g - palette[i][1];
            int db = b - palette[i][2];
            int dist = dr * dr + dg * dg + db * db;
            if (dist < bestDist)
            {
                bestDist = dist;
                bestIdx = i;
            }
        }
        return (byte)bestIdx;
    }

    private static int GetColorBits(int paletteCount)
    {
        int bits = 2;
        while ((1 << bits) < paletteCount) bits++;
        return Math.Min(bits, 8);
    }

    #endregion
}

A.25. Minint.Infrastructure/Serialization/MinintSerializer.cs

using System.Text;
using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services;

namespace Minint.Infrastructure.Serialization;

/// <summary>
/// Self-implemented binary reader/writer for the .minint container format.
/// All multi-byte integers are little-endian. Strings are UTF-8 with a 1-byte length prefix.
/// </summary>
public sealed class MinintSerializer : IMinintSerializer
{
    private static readonly byte[] Signature = "MININT"u8.ToArray();
    private const ushort CurrentVersion = 1;
    private const int ReservedBytes = 8;
    private const int MaxNameLength = 255;

    #region Write

    public void Write(Stream stream, MinintContainer container)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(stream);
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(container);

        using var w = new BinaryWriter(stream, Encoding.UTF8, leaveOpen: true);

        WriteHeader(w, container);

        foreach (var doc in container.Documents)
            WriteDocument(w, doc, container.Width, container.Height);
    }

    private static void WriteHeader(BinaryWriter w, MinintContainer c)
    {
        w.Write(Signature);
        w.Write(CurrentVersion);
        w.Write((uint)c.Width);
        w.Write((uint)c.Height);
        w.Write((uint)c.Documents.Count);
        w.Write(new byte[ReservedBytes]);
    }

    private static void WriteDocument(BinaryWriter w, MinintDocument doc, int width, int height)
    {
        WritePrefixedString(w, doc.Name);
        w.Write(doc.FrameDelayMs);
        w.Write((uint)doc.Palette.Count);

        foreach (var color in doc.Palette)
        {
            w.Write(color.R);
            w.Write(color.G);
            w.Write(color.B);
            w.Write(color.A);
        }

        w.Write((uint)doc.Layers.Count);

        int byteWidth = doc.IndexByteWidth;
        foreach (var layer in doc.Layers)
            WriteLayer(w, layer, byteWidth, width * height);
    }

    private static void WriteLayer(BinaryWriter w, MinintLayer layer, int byteWidth, int pixelCount)
    {
        WritePrefixedString(w, layer.Name);
        w.Write(layer.IsVisible ? (byte)1 : (byte)0);
        w.Write(layer.Opacity);

        if (layer.Pixels.Length != pixelCount)
            throw new InvalidOperationException(
                $"Layer '{layer.Name}' has {layer.Pixels.Length} pixels, expected {pixelCount}.");

        for (int i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++)
            WriteIndex(w, layer.Pixels[i], byteWidth);
    }

    private static void WriteIndex(BinaryWriter w, int index, int byteWidth)
    {
        switch (byteWidth)
        {
            case 1:
                w.Write((byte)index);
                break;
            case 2:
                w.Write((ushort)index);
                break;
            case 3:
                w.Write((byte)(index & 0xFF));
                w.Write((byte)((index >> 8) & 0xFF));
                w.Write((byte)((index >> 16) & 0xFF));
                break;
            case 4:
                w.Write(index);
                break;
        }
    }

    private static void WritePrefixedString(BinaryWriter w, string value)
    {
        var bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(value);
        if (bytes.Length > MaxNameLength)
            throw new InvalidOperationException(
                $"String '{value}' exceeds max length of {MaxNameLength} UTF-8 bytes.");
        w.Write((byte)bytes.Length);
        w.Write(bytes);
    }

    #endregion

    #region Read

    public MinintContainer Read(Stream stream)
    {
        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(stream);

        using var r = new BinaryReader(stream, Encoding.UTF8, leaveOpen: true);

        var (width, height, docCount) = ReadHeader(r);
        var container = new MinintContainer(width, height);

        for (int i = 0; i < docCount; i++)
            container.Documents.Add(ReadDocument(r, width, height));

        return container;
    }

    private static (int Width, int Height, int DocCount) ReadHeader(BinaryReader r)
    {
        byte[] sig = ReadExact(r, Signature.Length, "file signature");
        if (!sig.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(Signature))
            throw new InvalidDataException(
                "Invalid file signature. Expected 'MININT'.");

        ushort version = r.ReadUInt16();
        if (version != CurrentVersion)
            throw new InvalidDataException(
                $"Unsupported format version {version}. Only version {CurrentVersion} is supported.");

        uint width = r.ReadUInt32();
        uint height = r.ReadUInt32();
        uint docCount = r.ReadUInt32();

        if (width == 0 || height == 0)
            throw new InvalidDataException("Width and height must be at least 1.");
        if (width > 65_536 || height > 65_536)
            throw new InvalidDataException(
                $"Dimensions {width}x{height} exceed maximum supported size (65536).");
        if (docCount == 0)
            throw new InvalidDataException("Container must have at least 1 document.");

        byte[] reserved = ReadExact(r, ReservedBytes, "reserved bytes");
        for (int i = 0; i < reserved.Length; i++)
        {
            if (reserved[i] != 0)
                break; // non-zero reserved bytes: tolerated for forward compat
        }

        return ((int)width, (int)height, (int)docCount);
    }

    private static MinintDocument ReadDocument(BinaryReader r, int width, int height)
    {
        string name = ReadPrefixedString(r);
        uint frameDelay = r.ReadUInt32();
        uint paletteCount = r.ReadUInt32();

        if (paletteCount == 0)
            throw new InvalidDataException("Palette must have at least 1 color.");

        var palette = new List<RgbaColor>((int)paletteCount);
        for (uint i = 0; i < paletteCount; i++)
        {
            byte cr = r.ReadByte();
            byte cg = r.ReadByte();
            byte cb = r.ReadByte();
            byte ca = r.ReadByte();
            palette.Add(new RgbaColor(cr, cg, cb, ca));
        }

        int byteWidth = GetIndexByteWidth((int)paletteCount);

        uint layerCount = r.ReadUInt32();
        if (layerCount == 0)
            throw new InvalidDataException($"Document '{name}' must have at least 1 layer.");

        var layers = new List<MinintLayer>((int)layerCount);
        int pixelCount = width * height;
        for (uint i = 0; i < layerCount; i++)
            layers.Add(ReadLayer(r, byteWidth, pixelCount, (int)paletteCount));

        return new MinintDocument(name, frameDelay, palette, layers);
    }

    private static MinintLayer ReadLayer(BinaryReader r, int byteWidth, int pixelCount, int paletteCount)
    {
        string name = ReadPrefixedString(r);
        byte visByte = r.ReadByte();
        if (visByte > 1)
            throw new InvalidDataException(
                $"Layer '{name}': invalid visibility flag {visByte} (expected 0 or 1).");
        bool isVisible = visByte == 1;
        byte opacity = r.ReadByte();

        var pixels = new int[pixelCount];
        for (int i = 0; i < pixelCount; i++)
        {
            int idx = ReadIndex(r, byteWidth);
            if (idx < 0 || idx >= paletteCount)
                throw new InvalidDataException(
                    $"Layer '{name}': pixel index {idx} at position {i} is out of palette range [0, {paletteCount}).");
            pixels[i] = idx;
        }

        return new MinintLayer(name, isVisible, opacity, pixels);
    }

    private static int ReadIndex(BinaryReader r, int byteWidth)
    {
        return byteWidth switch
        {
            1 => r.ReadByte(),
            2 => r.ReadUInt16(),
            3 => r.ReadByte() | (r.ReadByte() << 8) | (r.ReadByte() << 16),
            4 => r.ReadInt32(),
            _ => throw new InvalidDataException($"Invalid index byte width: {byteWidth}")
        };
    }

    private static string ReadPrefixedString(BinaryReader r)
    {
        byte len = r.ReadByte();
        if (len == 0) return string.Empty;
        byte[] bytes = ReadExact(r, len, "string data");
        return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Reads exactly <paramref name="count"/> bytes or throws on premature EOF.
    /// </summary>
    private static byte[] ReadExact(BinaryReader r, int count, string context)
    {
        byte[] buf = r.ReadBytes(count);
        if (buf.Length < count)
            throw new InvalidDataException(
                $"Unexpected end of stream while reading {context} (expected {count} bytes, got {buf.Length}).");
        return buf;
    }

    #endregion

    #region Helpers

    /// <summary>
    /// Same logic as <see cref="MinintDocument.IndexByteWidth"/>,
    /// usable when only the palette count is known (during deserialization).
    /// </summary>
    public static int GetIndexByteWidth(int paletteCount) => paletteCount switch
    {
        <= 255 => 1,
        <= 65_535 => 2,
        <= 16_777_215 => 3,
        _ => 4
    };

    #endregion
}

A.26. Minint.Tests/CompositorTests.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

namespace Minint.Tests;

public class CompositorTests
{
    private readonly Compositor _compositor = new();

    [Fact]
    public void Composite_EmptyLayer_AllTransparent()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        doc.Layers.Add(new MinintLayer("L1", 4));

        uint[] result = _compositor.Composite(doc, 2, 2);

        Assert.All(result, px => Assert.Equal(0u, px));
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Composite_SingleOpaquePixel()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        var red = new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255);
        doc.EnsureColorCached(red);
        var layer = new MinintLayer("L1", 4);
        layer.Pixels[0] = 1;
        doc.Layers.Add(layer);

        uint[] result = _compositor.Composite(doc, 2, 2);

        // ARGB packed as 0xAARRGGBB
        uint expected = 0xFF_FF_00_00u;
        Assert.Equal(expected, result[0]);
        Assert.Equal(0u, result[1]); // rest is transparent
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Composite_HiddenLayer_Ignored()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        doc.EnsureColorCached(new RgbaColor(0, 255, 0, 255));
        var layer = new MinintLayer("L1", 4);
        layer.Pixels[0] = 1;
        layer.IsVisible = false;
        doc.Layers.Add(layer);

        uint[] result = _compositor.Composite(doc, 2, 2);

        Assert.Equal(0u, result[0]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Composite_TwoLayers_TopOverBottom()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        var red = new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255);
        var blue = new RgbaColor(0, 0, 255, 255);
        int redIdx = doc.EnsureColorCached(red);
        int blueIdx = doc.EnsureColorCached(blue);

        var bottom = new MinintLayer("bottom", 1);
        bottom.Pixels[0] = redIdx;
        var top = new MinintLayer("top", 1);
        top.Pixels[0] = blueIdx;

        doc.Layers.Add(bottom);
        doc.Layers.Add(top);

        uint[] result = _compositor.Composite(doc, 1, 1);

        // Blue on top, fully opaque, should overwrite red
        Assert.Equal(0xFF_00_00_FFu, result[0]);
    }
}

A.27. Minint.Tests/DrawingTests.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

namespace Minint.Tests;

public class DrawingTests
{
    private readonly DrawingService _drawing = new();

    [Fact]
    public void ApplyBrush_Radius0_SetsSinglePixel()
    {
        var layer = new MinintLayer("L1", 9);
        _drawing.ApplyBrush(layer, 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3);

        Assert.Equal(1, layer.Pixels[1 * 3 + 1]);
        Assert.Equal(0, layer.Pixels[0]); // (0,0) untouched
    }

    [Fact]
    public void ApplyBrush_Radius1_SetsCircle()
    {
        var layer = new MinintLayer("L1", 25);
        _drawing.ApplyBrush(layer, 2, 2, 1, 1, 5, 5);

        // Center + 4 neighbors should be set
        Assert.Equal(1, layer.Pixels[2 * 5 + 2]); // center
        Assert.Equal(1, layer.Pixels[1 * 5 + 2]); // top
        Assert.Equal(1, layer.Pixels[3 * 5 + 2]); // bottom
        Assert.Equal(1, layer.Pixels[2 * 5 + 1]); // left
        Assert.Equal(1, layer.Pixels[2 * 5 + 3]); // right
    }

    [Fact]
    public void ApplyEraser_SetsToZero()
    {
        var layer = new MinintLayer("L1", 9);
        Array.Fill(layer.Pixels, 5);
        _drawing.ApplyEraser(layer, 1, 1, 0, 3, 3);

        Assert.Equal(0, layer.Pixels[1 * 3 + 1]);
        Assert.Equal(5, layer.Pixels[0]); // untouched
    }

    [Fact]
    public void GetBrushMask_Radius0_SinglePixel()
    {
        var mask = _drawing.GetBrushMask(2, 2, 0, 5, 5);
        Assert.Single(mask);
        Assert.Equal((2, 2), mask[0]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void GetBrushMask_OutOfBounds_Clamped()
    {
        var mask = _drawing.GetBrushMask(0, 0, 2, 3, 3);
        Assert.All(mask, p =>
        {
            Assert.InRange(p.X, 0, 2);
            Assert.InRange(p.Y, 0, 2);
        });
    }
}

A.28. Minint.Tests/ExportTests.cs

using System.Text;
using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;
using Minint.Infrastructure.Export;

namespace Minint.Tests;

public class ExportTests
{
    [Fact]
    public void BmpExport_WritesValidBmp()
    {
        var exporter = new BmpExporter();
        var pixels = new uint[] { 0xFF_FF_00_00, 0xFF_00_FF_00, 0xFF_00_00_FF, 0xFF_FF_FF_FF };

        var ms = new MemoryStream();
        exporter.Export(ms, pixels, 2, 2);

        ms.Position = 0;
        byte[] data = ms.ToArray();

        Assert.True(data.Length > 0);
        Assert.Equal((byte)'B', data[0]);
        Assert.Equal((byte)'M', data[1]);

        int fileSize = BitConverter.ToInt32(data, 2);
        Assert.Equal(data.Length, fileSize);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void GifExport_WritesValidGif()
    {
        var exporter = new GifExporter();
        var frame1 = new uint[16]; // 4x4 transparent
        var frame2 = new uint[16];
        Array.Fill(frame2, 0xFF_FF_00_00u);

        var frames = new List<(uint[] Pixels, uint DelayMs)>
        {
            (frame1, 100),
            (frame2, 200),
        };

        var ms = new MemoryStream();
        exporter.Export(ms, frames, 4, 4);

        ms.Position = 0;
        byte[] data = ms.ToArray();

        Assert.True(data.Length > 0);
        string sig = Encoding.ASCII.GetString(data, 0, 6);
        Assert.Equal("GIF89a", sig);
        Assert.Equal(0x3B, data[^1]); // GIF trailer
    }

    [Fact]
    public void BmpExport_DimensionMismatch_Throws()
    {
        var exporter = new BmpExporter();
        var pixels = new uint[3]; // does not match 2x2

        Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() =>
        {
            var ms = new MemoryStream();
            exporter.Export(ms, pixels, 2, 2);
        });
    }
}

A.29. Minint.Tests/FloodFillTests.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

namespace Minint.Tests;

public class FloodFillTests
{
    private readonly FloodFillService _fill = new();

    [Fact]
    public void Fill_EmptyLayer_FillsAll()
    {
        var layer = new MinintLayer("L1", 9); // 3x3, all zeros
        _fill.Fill(layer, 0, 0, 1, 3, 3);

        Assert.All(layer.Pixels, px => Assert.Equal(1, px));
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Fill_SameColor_NoOp()
    {
        var layer = new MinintLayer("L1", 4);
        Array.Fill(layer.Pixels, 2);
        _fill.Fill(layer, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2);

        Assert.All(layer.Pixels, px => Assert.Equal(2, px));
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Fill_Bounded_DoesNotCrossBorder()
    {
        // 3x3 grid with a wall:
        // 0 0 0
        // 1 1 1
        // 0 0 0
        var layer = new MinintLayer("L1", 9);
        layer.Pixels[3] = 1; // (0,1)
        layer.Pixels[4] = 1; // (1,1)
        layer.Pixels[5] = 1; // (2,1)

        _fill.Fill(layer, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3);

        // Top row should be filled
        Assert.Equal(2, layer.Pixels[0]);
        Assert.Equal(2, layer.Pixels[1]);
        Assert.Equal(2, layer.Pixels[2]);
        // Wall untouched
        Assert.Equal(1, layer.Pixels[3]);
        // Bottom row untouched (blocked by wall)
        Assert.Equal(0, layer.Pixels[6]);
    }
}

A.30. Minint.Tests/FragmentServiceTests.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

namespace Minint.Tests;

public class FragmentServiceTests
{
    private readonly FragmentService _fragment = new();

    [Fact]
    public void CopyFragment_SameDocument_CopiesPixels()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        var red = new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255);
        doc.EnsureColorCached(red);

        var src = new MinintLayer("src", 16);
        src.Pixels[0] = 1; // (0,0) = red
        src.Pixels[1] = 1; // (1,0) = red
        doc.Layers.Add(src);

        var dst = new MinintLayer("dst", 16);
        doc.Layers.Add(dst);

        _fragment.CopyFragment(doc, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, doc, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4);

        Assert.Equal(1, dst.Pixels[2 * 4 + 2]); // (2,2)
        Assert.Equal(1, dst.Pixels[2 * 4 + 3]); // (3,2)
    }

    [Fact]
    public void CopyFragment_DifferentDocuments_MergesPalette()
    {
        var srcDoc = new MinintDocument("src");
        var blue = new RgbaColor(0, 0, 255, 255);
        int blueIdx = srcDoc.EnsureColorCached(blue);
        var srcLayer = new MinintLayer("L1", 4);
        srcLayer.Pixels[0] = blueIdx;
        srcDoc.Layers.Add(srcLayer);

        var dstDoc = new MinintDocument("dst");
        var dstLayer = new MinintLayer("L1", 4);
        dstDoc.Layers.Add(dstLayer);

        _fragment.CopyFragment(srcDoc, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, dstDoc, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2);

        int dstBlueIdx = dstDoc.FindColorCached(blue);
        Assert.True(dstBlueIdx > 0);
        Assert.Equal(dstBlueIdx, dstLayer.Pixels[0]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void CopyFragment_TransparentPixels_Skipped()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        var src = new MinintLayer("src", 4); // all zeros (transparent)
        doc.Layers.Add(src);

        var dst = new MinintLayer("dst", 4);
        Array.Fill(dst.Pixels, 0);
        dst.Pixels[0] = 0; // explicitly 0
        doc.Layers.Add(dst);

        _fragment.CopyFragment(doc, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, doc, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2);

        Assert.Equal(0, dst.Pixels[0]); // stays transparent
    }
}

A.31. Minint.Tests/ImageEffectsTests.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

namespace Minint.Tests;

public class ImageEffectsTests
{
    private readonly ImageEffectsService _effects = new();

    [Fact]
    public void ApplyGrayscale_ConvertsColors()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        var red = new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255);
        doc.EnsureColorCached(red);

        _effects.ApplyGrayscale(doc);

        var gray = doc.Palette[1];
        Assert.Equal(gray.R, gray.G);
        Assert.Equal(gray.G, gray.B);
        Assert.Equal(255, gray.A);
        // BT.601: 0.299*255 ≈ 76
        Assert.InRange(gray.R, 74, 78);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void ApplyGrayscale_PreservesTransparentIndex()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        doc.EnsureColorCached(new RgbaColor(100, 200, 50, 255));

        _effects.ApplyGrayscale(doc);

        Assert.Equal(RgbaColor.Transparent, doc.Palette[0]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void ApplyContrast_IncreasesContrast()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        var midGray = new RgbaColor(128, 128, 128, 255);
        var lightGray = new RgbaColor(192, 192, 192, 255);
        doc.EnsureColorCached(midGray);
        doc.EnsureColorCached(lightGray);

        _effects.ApplyContrast(doc, 2.0);

        // midGray (128) stays ~128: factor*(128-128)+128 = 128
        Assert.InRange(doc.Palette[1].R, 126, 130);
        // lightGray (192): factor*(192-128)+128 = 2*64+128 = 256 → clamped to 255
        Assert.Equal(255, doc.Palette[2].R);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void ApplyContrast_PreservesAlpha()
    {
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        doc.EnsureColorCached(new RgbaColor(100, 100, 100, 200));

        _effects.ApplyContrast(doc, 1.5);

        Assert.Equal(200, doc.Palette[1].A);
    }
}

A.32. Minint.Tests/PatternGeneratorTests.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

namespace Minint.Tests;

public class PatternGeneratorTests
{
    private readonly PatternGenerator _gen = new();

    [Theory]
    [InlineData(PatternType.Checkerboard)]
    [InlineData(PatternType.HorizontalGradient)]
    [InlineData(PatternType.VerticalGradient)]
    [InlineData(PatternType.HorizontalStripes)]
    [InlineData(PatternType.VerticalStripes)]
    [InlineData(PatternType.ConcentricCircles)]
    [InlineData(PatternType.Tile)]
    public void Generate_AllTypes_ProducesValidDocument(PatternType type)
    {
        var colors = new[] { new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255), new RgbaColor(0, 0, 255, 255) };
        var doc = _gen.Generate(type, 16, 16, colors, 4, 4);

        Assert.Equal($"Pattern ({type})", doc.Name);
        Assert.Single(doc.Layers);
        Assert.Equal(256, doc.Layers[0].Pixels.Length);
        Assert.True(doc.Palette.Count >= 2);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Generate_Checkerboard_AlternatesColors()
    {
        var colors = new[] { new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255), new RgbaColor(0, 255, 0, 255) };
        var doc = _gen.Generate(PatternType.Checkerboard, 4, 4, colors, 2);

        var layer = doc.Layers[0];
        int topLeft = layer.Pixels[0];
        int topRight = layer.Pixels[2]; // cellSize=2, so (2,0) is next cell
        Assert.NotEqual(topLeft, topRight);
    }
}

A.33. Minint.Tests/SerializerTests.cs

using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Infrastructure.Serialization;

namespace Minint.Tests;

public class SerializerTests
{
    private readonly MinintSerializer _serializer = new();

    [Fact]
    public void RoundTrip_EmptyDocument_PreservesStructure()
    {
        var container = new MinintContainer(32, 16);
        container.AddNewDocument("Doc1");

        var result = RoundTrip(container);

        Assert.Equal(32, result.Width);
        Assert.Equal(16, result.Height);
        Assert.Single(result.Documents);
        Assert.Equal("Doc1", result.Documents[0].Name);
        Assert.Single(result.Documents[0].Layers);
        Assert.Equal(32 * 16, result.Documents[0].Layers[0].Pixels.Length);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void RoundTrip_MultipleDocuments_PreservesAll()
    {
        var container = new MinintContainer(8, 8);
        var doc1 = container.AddNewDocument("Frame1");
        doc1.FrameDelayMs = 200;
        var doc2 = container.AddNewDocument("Frame2");
        doc2.FrameDelayMs = 500;

        var result = RoundTrip(container);

        Assert.Equal(2, result.Documents.Count);
        Assert.Equal("Frame1", result.Documents[0].Name);
        Assert.Equal(200u, result.Documents[0].FrameDelayMs);
        Assert.Equal("Frame2", result.Documents[1].Name);
        Assert.Equal(500u, result.Documents[1].FrameDelayMs);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void RoundTrip_PaletteAndPixels_Preserved()
    {
        var container = new MinintContainer(4, 4);
        var doc = container.AddNewDocument("Test");
        var red = new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255);
        doc.EnsureColorCached(red);

        var layer = doc.Layers[0];
        layer.Pixels[0] = 1; // red

        var result = RoundTrip(container);
        var rdoc = result.Documents[0];

        Assert.Equal(2, rdoc.Palette.Count); // transparent + red
        Assert.Equal(RgbaColor.Transparent, rdoc.Palette[0]);
        Assert.Equal(red, rdoc.Palette[1]);
        Assert.Equal(1, rdoc.Layers[0].Pixels[0]);
        Assert.Equal(0, rdoc.Layers[0].Pixels[1]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void RoundTrip_LayerProperties_Preserved()
    {
        var container = new MinintContainer(2, 2);
        var doc = container.AddNewDocument("Test");
        doc.Layers[0].Name = "Background";
        doc.Layers[0].IsVisible = false;
        doc.Layers[0].Opacity = 128;

        var result = RoundTrip(container);
        var layer = result.Documents[0].Layers[0];

        Assert.Equal("Background", layer.Name);
        Assert.False(layer.IsVisible);
        Assert.Equal(128, layer.Opacity);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void RoundTrip_LargePalette_Uses2ByteIndices()
    {
        var container = new MinintContainer(2, 2);
        var doc = container.AddNewDocument("BigPalette");

        for (int i = 0; i < 300; i++)
            doc.EnsureColorCached(new RgbaColor((byte)(i % 256), (byte)(i / 256), 0, 255));

        Assert.Equal(2, doc.IndexByteWidth);

        int lastIdx = doc.Palette.Count - 1;
        doc.Layers[0].Pixels[0] = lastIdx;

        var result = RoundTrip(container);
        Assert.Equal(lastIdx, result.Documents[0].Layers[0].Pixels[0]);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Read_InvalidSignature_Throws()
    {
        var ms = new MemoryStream("BADDATA"u8.ToArray());
        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => _serializer.Read(ms));
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Read_TruncatedStream_Throws()
    {
        var ms = new MemoryStream("MINI"u8.ToArray());
        Assert.Throws<InvalidDataException>(() => _serializer.Read(ms));
    }

    private MinintContainer RoundTrip(MinintContainer container)
    {
        var ms = new MemoryStream();
        _serializer.Write(ms, container);
        ms.Position = 0;
        return _serializer.Read(ms);
    }
}

A.34. Minint/App.axaml.cs

using Avalonia;
using Avalonia.Controls.ApplicationLifetimes;
using Avalonia.Data.Core;
using Avalonia.Data.Core.Plugins;
using System.Linq;
using Avalonia.Markup.Xaml;
using Minint.ViewModels;
using Minint.Views;

namespace Minint;

public partial class App : Application
{
    public override void Initialize()
    {
        AvaloniaXamlLoader.Load(this);
    }

    public override void OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted()
    {
        if (ApplicationLifetime is IClassicDesktopStyleApplicationLifetime desktop)
        {
            // Avoid duplicate validations from both Avalonia and the CommunityToolkit. 
            // More info: https://docs.avaloniaui.net/docs/guides/development-guides/data-validation#manage-validationplugins
            DisableAvaloniaDataAnnotationValidation();
            desktop.MainWindow = new MainWindow
            {
                DataContext = new MainWindowViewModel(),
            };
        }

        base.OnFrameworkInitializationCompleted();
    }

    private void DisableAvaloniaDataAnnotationValidation()
    {
        // Get an array of plugins to remove
        var dataValidationPluginsToRemove =
            BindingPlugins.DataValidators.OfType<DataAnnotationsValidationPlugin>().ToArray();

        // remove each entry found
        foreach (var plugin in dataValidationPluginsToRemove)
        {
            BindingPlugins.DataValidators.Remove(plugin);
        }
    }
}

A.35. Minint/Controls/EditableTextBlock.cs

using System;
using Avalonia;
using Avalonia.Controls;
using Avalonia.Input;
using Avalonia.Layout;
using Avalonia.Media;

namespace Minint.Controls;

/// <summary>
/// Shows a TextBlock by default; switches to an inline TextBox on double-click.
/// Commits on Enter or focus loss, cancels on Escape.
/// </summary>
public class EditableTextBlock : Control
{
    public static readonly StyledProperty<string> TextProperty =
        AvaloniaProperty.Register<EditableTextBlock, string>(nameof(Text), defaultBindingMode: Avalonia.Data.BindingMode.TwoWay);

    public string Text
    {
        get => GetValue(TextProperty);
        set => SetValue(TextProperty, value);
    }

    private readonly TextBlock _display;
    private readonly TextBox _editor;
    private bool _isEditing;

    public EditableTextBlock()
    {
        _display = new TextBlock
        {
            VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center,
            TextTrimming = TextTrimming.CharacterEllipsis,
        };

        _editor = new TextBox
        {
            VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center,
            Padding = new Thickness(2, 0),
            BorderThickness = new Thickness(1),
            MinWidth = 40,
            IsVisible = false,
        };

        LogicalChildren.Add(_display);
        LogicalChildren.Add(_editor);
        VisualChildren.Add(_display);
        VisualChildren.Add(_editor);

        _display.Bind(TextBlock.TextProperty, this.GetObservable(TextProperty).ToBinding());
        _editor.Bind(TextBox.TextProperty, this.GetObservable(TextProperty).ToBinding());

        _editor.KeyDown += OnEditorKeyDown;
        _editor.LostFocus += OnEditorLostFocus;
    }

    protected override void OnPointerPressed(PointerPressedEventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnPointerPressed(e);
        if (e.ClickCount == 2 && !_isEditing)
        {
            BeginEdit();
            e.Handled = true;
        }
    }

    private void BeginEdit()
    {
        _isEditing = true;
        _editor.Text = Text;
        _display.IsVisible = false;
        _editor.IsVisible = true;
        _editor.Focus();
        _editor.SelectAll();
    }

    private void CommitEdit()
    {
        if (!_isEditing) return;
        _isEditing = false;
        Text = _editor.Text ?? string.Empty;
        _editor.IsVisible = false;
        _display.IsVisible = true;
    }

    private void CancelEdit()
    {
        if (!_isEditing) return;
        _isEditing = false;
        _editor.Text = Text;
        _editor.IsVisible = false;
        _display.IsVisible = true;
    }

    private void OnEditorKeyDown(object? sender, KeyEventArgs e)
    {
        if (e.Key == Key.Enter)
        {
            CommitEdit();
            e.Handled = true;
        }
        else if (e.Key == Key.Escape)
        {
            CancelEdit();
            e.Handled = true;
        }
    }

    private void OnEditorLostFocus(object? sender, Avalonia.Interactivity.RoutedEventArgs e)
    {
        CommitEdit();
    }

    protected override Size MeasureOverride(Size availableSize)
    {
        _display.Measure(availableSize);
        _editor.Measure(availableSize);
        return _isEditing ? _editor.DesiredSize : _display.DesiredSize;
    }

    protected override Size ArrangeOverride(Size finalSize)
    {
        var rect = new Rect(finalSize);
        _display.Arrange(rect);
        _editor.Arrange(rect);
        return finalSize;
    }
}

A.36. Minint/Controls/PixelCanvas.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Avalonia;
using Avalonia.Controls;
using Avalonia.Controls.Primitives;
using Avalonia.Input;
using Avalonia.Media;
using Avalonia.Media.Imaging;
using Avalonia.Threading;
using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.ViewModels;

namespace Minint.Controls;

public class PixelCanvas : Control
{
    #region Styled Properties

    public static readonly StyledProperty<WriteableBitmap?> SourceBitmapProperty =
        AvaloniaProperty.Register<PixelCanvas, WriteableBitmap?>(nameof(SourceBitmap));

    public static readonly StyledProperty<bool> ShowGridProperty =
        AvaloniaProperty.Register<PixelCanvas, bool>(nameof(ShowGrid), defaultValue: false);

    public WriteableBitmap? SourceBitmap
    {
        get => GetValue(SourceBitmapProperty);
        set => SetValue(SourceBitmapProperty, value);
    }

    public bool ShowGrid
    {
        get => GetValue(ShowGridProperty);
        set => SetValue(ShowGridProperty, value);
    }

    #endregion

    #region Events for tool interaction

    public event Action<int, int>? ToolDown;
    public event Action<int, int>? ToolDrag;
    public event Action<(int X, int Y)?>? CursorPixelChanged;
    public Func<List<(int X, int Y)>?>? GetPreviewMask { get; set; }

    // Selection events
    public event Action<int, int>? SelectionStart;
    public event Action<int, int>? SelectionUpdate;
    public event Action<int, int>? SelectionEnd;

    // Paste events
    public event Action<int, int>? PasteMoved;
    public event Action? PasteCommitted;
    public event Action? PasteCancelled;

    /// <summary>Provides the current EditorViewModel for reading selection/paste state during render.</summary>
    public EditorViewModel? Editor { get; set; }

    #endregion

    private readonly Viewport _viewport = new();
    private bool _isPanning;
    private bool _isDrawing;
    private bool _isSelecting;
    private Point _panStart;
    private double _panStartOffsetX, _panStartOffsetY;
    private bool _viewportInitialized;
    private int _lastBitmapWidth;
    private int _lastBitmapHeight;
    private (int X, int Y)? _lastCursorPixel;
    private Point? _lastScreenPos;

    private ScrollBar? _hScrollBar;
    private ScrollBar? _vScrollBar;
    private bool _suppressScrollSync;

    private const double ScrollPixelsPerTick = 20.0;

    public Viewport Viewport => _viewport;

    static PixelCanvas()
    {
        AffectsRender<PixelCanvas>(SourceBitmapProperty, ShowGridProperty);
        FocusableProperty.OverrideDefaultValue<PixelCanvas>(true);
    }

    public PixelCanvas()
    {
        ClipToBounds = true;
    }

    public void AttachScrollBars(ScrollBar horizontal, ScrollBar vertical)
    {
        if (_hScrollBar is not null) _hScrollBar.ValueChanged -= OnHScrollChanged;
        if (_vScrollBar is not null) _vScrollBar.ValueChanged -= OnVScrollChanged;
        _hScrollBar = horizontal;
        _vScrollBar = vertical;
        _hScrollBar.ValueChanged += OnHScrollChanged;
        _vScrollBar.ValueChanged += OnVScrollChanged;
    }

    #region Rendering

    public override void Render(DrawingContext context)
    {
        base.Render(context);
        context.FillRectangle(Brushes.Transparent, new Rect(Bounds.Size));

        var bmp = SourceBitmap;
        if (bmp is null) return;

        int imgW = bmp.PixelSize.Width;
        int imgH = bmp.PixelSize.Height;

        if (!_viewportInitialized)
        {
            _viewport.FitToView(imgW, imgH, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
            _viewportInitialized = true;
        }

        DrawCheckerboard(context, imgW, imgH);

        var destRect = _viewport.ImageScreenRect(imgW, imgH);
        var srcRect = new Rect(0, 0, imgW, imgH);
        RenderOptions.SetBitmapInterpolationMode(this, BitmapInterpolationMode.None);
        context.DrawImage(bmp, srcRect, destRect);

        if (ShowGrid)
            DrawPixelGrid(context, imgW, imgH);

        DrawToolPreview(context, imgW, imgH);
        DrawSelectionOverlay(context);
        DrawPastePreview(context);

        int w = imgW, h = imgH;
        Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() => SyncScrollBars(w, h), DispatcherPriority.Render);
    }

    private void DrawCheckerboard(DrawingContext context, int imgW, int imgH)
    {
        var rect = _viewport.ImageScreenRect(imgW, imgH);
        var clip = new Rect(0, 0, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
        var visible = rect.Intersect(clip);
        if (visible.Width <= 0 || visible.Height <= 0) return;

        const int checkerSize = 8;
        var light = new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromRgb(204, 204, 204));
        var dark = new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromRgb(170, 170, 170));

        using (context.PushClip(visible))
        {
            context.FillRectangle(light, visible);
            double startX = visible.X - ((visible.X - rect.X) % (checkerSize * 2));
            double startY = visible.Y - ((visible.Y - rect.Y) % (checkerSize * 2));
            for (double y = startY; y < visible.Bottom; y += checkerSize)
            {
                for (double x = startX; x < visible.Right; x += checkerSize)
                {
                    int col = (int)((x - rect.X) / checkerSize);
                    int row = (int)((y - rect.Y) / checkerSize);
                    if ((col + row) % 2 == 1)
                        context.FillRectangle(dark, new Rect(x, y, checkerSize, checkerSize));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    private void DrawPixelGrid(DrawingContext context, int imgW, int imgH)
    {
        double zoom = _viewport.Zoom;
        if (zoom < 4) return;

        var pen = new Pen(Brushes.Black, 1);

        var clip = new Rect(0, 0, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
        var imgRect = _viewport.ImageScreenRect(imgW, imgH);
        var visible = imgRect.Intersect(clip);
        if (visible.Width <= 0 || visible.Height <= 0) return;

        var (startPx, startPy) = _viewport.ScreenToPixel(visible.X, visible.Y);
        var (endPx, endPy) = _viewport.ScreenToPixel(visible.Right, visible.Bottom);
        startPx = Math.Max(0, startPx);
        startPy = Math.Max(0, startPy);
        endPx = Math.Min(imgW, endPx + 1);
        endPy = Math.Min(imgH, endPy + 1);

        using (context.PushClip(visible))
        {
            for (int px = startPx; px <= endPx; px++)
            {
                var (sx, _) = _viewport.PixelToScreen(px, 0);
                double x = Math.Floor(sx) + 0.5;
                context.DrawLine(pen, new Point(x, visible.Top), new Point(x, visible.Bottom));
            }
            for (int py = startPy; py <= endPy; py++)
            {
                var (_, sy) = _viewport.PixelToScreen(0, py);
                double y = Math.Floor(sy) + 0.5;
                context.DrawLine(pen, new Point(visible.Left, y), new Point(visible.Right, y));
            }
        }
    }

    private void DrawToolPreview(DrawingContext context, int imgW, int imgH)
    {
        var mask = GetPreviewMask?.Invoke();
        if (mask is null || mask.Count == 0) return;

        double zoom = _viewport.Zoom;
        var previewBrush = new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(80, 255, 255, 255));
        var outlinePen = new Pen(new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(160, 255, 255, 255)), 1);

        var clip = new Rect(0, 0, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
        using (context.PushClip(clip))
        {
            foreach (var (px, py) in mask)
            {
                var (sx, sy) = _viewport.PixelToScreen(px, py);
                context.FillRectangle(previewBrush, new Rect(sx, sy, zoom, zoom));
            }

            if (mask.Count > 0)
            {
                int minX = mask[0].X, maxX = mask[0].X;
                int minY = mask[0].Y, maxY = mask[0].Y;
                foreach (var (px, py) in mask)
                {
                    if (px < minX) minX = px;
                    if (px > maxX) maxX = px;
                    if (py < minY) minY = py;
                    if (py > maxY) maxY = py;
                }
                var (ox, oy) = _viewport.PixelToScreen(minX, minY);
                context.DrawRectangle(outlinePen, new Rect(ox, oy, (maxX - minX + 1) * zoom, (maxY - minY + 1) * zoom));
            }
        }
    }

    private void DrawSelectionOverlay(DrawingContext context)
    {
        var sel = Editor?.SelectionRectNormalized;
        if (sel is null) return;

        var (sx, sy, sw, sh) = sel.Value;
        double zoom = _viewport.Zoom;
        var (screenX, screenY) = _viewport.PixelToScreen(sx, sy);
        var rect = new Rect(screenX, screenY, sw * zoom, sh * zoom);

        var fillBrush = new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(40, 100, 150, 255));
        context.FillRectangle(fillBrush, rect);

        var borderPen = new Pen(new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(200, 100, 150, 255)), 1,
            new DashStyle([4, 4], 0));
        context.DrawRectangle(borderPen, rect);
    }

    private void DrawPastePreview(DrawingContext context)
    {
        if (Editor is null || !Editor.IsPasting || Editor.Clipboard is null)
            return;

        var pos = Editor.PastePosition!.Value;
        var frag = Editor.Clipboard;
        double zoom = _viewport.Zoom;

        var clip = new Rect(0, 0, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
        using (context.PushClip(clip))
        {
            for (int fy = 0; fy < frag.Height; fy++)
            {
                for (int fx = 0; fx < frag.Width; fx++)
                {
                    var color = frag.Pixels[fy * frag.Width + fx];
                    if (color.A == 0) continue;

                    var (sx, sy) = _viewport.PixelToScreen(pos.X + fx, pos.Y + fy);
                    byte dispA = (byte)(color.A * 180 / 255); // semi-transparent preview
                    var brush = new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(dispA, color.R, color.G, color.B));
                    context.FillRectangle(brush, new Rect(sx, sy, zoom, zoom));
                }
            }

            // Border around the floating fragment
            var (ox, oy) = _viewport.PixelToScreen(pos.X, pos.Y);
            var borderPen = new Pen(new SolidColorBrush(Color.FromArgb(200, 255, 200, 50)), 1,
                new DashStyle([3, 3], 0));
            context.DrawRectangle(borderPen, new Rect(ox, oy, frag.Width * zoom, frag.Height * zoom));
        }
    }

    #endregion

    #region Scrollbar Sync

    private void SyncScrollBars(int imgW, int imgH)
    {
        if (_hScrollBar is null || _vScrollBar is null) return;
        _suppressScrollSync = true;

        var (hMin, hMax, hVal, hView) = _viewport.GetScrollInfo(imgW, Bounds.Width, _viewport.OffsetX);
        _hScrollBar.Minimum = -hMax;
        _hScrollBar.Maximum = -hMin;
        _hScrollBar.Value = -hVal;
        _hScrollBar.ViewportSize = hView;

        var (vMin, vMax, vVal, vView) = _viewport.GetScrollInfo(imgH, Bounds.Height, _viewport.OffsetY);
        _vScrollBar.Minimum = -vMax;
        _vScrollBar.Maximum = -vMin;
        _vScrollBar.Value = -vVal;
        _vScrollBar.ViewportSize = vView;

        _suppressScrollSync = false;
    }

    private void OnHScrollChanged(object? sender, RangeBaseValueChangedEventArgs e)
    {
        if (_suppressScrollSync) return;
        var (imgW, imgH) = GetImageSize();
        _viewport.SetOffset(-e.NewValue, _viewport.OffsetY, imgW, imgH, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
        RecalcCursorPixel();
        InvalidateVisual();
    }

    private void OnVScrollChanged(object? sender, RangeBaseValueChangedEventArgs e)
    {
        if (_suppressScrollSync) return;
        var (imgW, imgH) = GetImageSize();
        _viewport.SetOffset(_viewport.OffsetX, -e.NewValue, imgW, imgH, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
        RecalcCursorPixel();
        InvalidateVisual();
    }

    #endregion

    #region Mouse Input

    private (int W, int H) GetImageSize()
    {
        var bmp = SourceBitmap;
        return bmp is not null ? (bmp.PixelSize.Width, bmp.PixelSize.Height) : (0, 0);
    }

    private (int X, int Y)? ScreenToPixelClamped(Point pos)
    {
        var (imgW, imgH) = GetImageSize();
        if (imgW == 0) return null;
        var (px, py) = _viewport.ScreenToPixel(pos.X, pos.Y);
        if (px < 0 || px >= imgW || py < 0 || py >= imgH)
            return null;
        return (px, py);
    }

    private void RecalcCursorPixel()
    {
        if (_lastScreenPos is null) return;
        var pixel = ScreenToPixelClamped(_lastScreenPos.Value);
        if (pixel != _lastCursorPixel)
        {
            _lastCursorPixel = pixel;
            CursorPixelChanged?.Invoke(pixel);
        }
    }

    protected override void OnPointerWheelChanged(PointerWheelEventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnPointerWheelChanged(e);
        var (imgW, imgH) = GetImageSize();
        if (imgW == 0) return;

        bool ctrl = (e.KeyModifiers & KeyModifiers.Control) != 0;
        bool shift = (e.KeyModifiers & KeyModifiers.Shift) != 0;

        if (ctrl)
        {
            var pos = e.GetPosition(this);
            _viewport.ZoomAtPoint(pos.X, pos.Y, e.Delta.Y, imgW, imgH, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
        }
        else
        {
            double dx = e.Delta.X * ScrollPixelsPerTick;
            double dy = e.Delta.Y * ScrollPixelsPerTick;
            if (shift && Math.Abs(e.Delta.X) < 0.001)
            {
                dx = dy;
                dy = 0;
            }
            _viewport.Pan(dx, dy, imgW, imgH, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
        }

        RecalcCursorPixel();
        InvalidateVisual();
        e.Handled = true;
    }

    protected override void OnPointerPressed(PointerPressedEventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnPointerPressed(e);
        var props = e.GetCurrentPoint(this).Properties;

        if (props.IsMiddleButtonPressed)
        {
            _isPanning = true;
            _panStart = e.GetPosition(this);
            _panStartOffsetX = _viewport.OffsetX;
            _panStartOffsetY = _viewport.OffsetY;
            e.Handled = true;
            return;
        }

        if (!props.IsLeftButtonPressed || _isPanning) return;

        var pixel = ScreenToPixelClamped(e.GetPosition(this));
        if (pixel is null) return;

        // Paste mode: left-click commits
        if (Editor is not null && Editor.IsPasting)
        {
            PasteCommitted?.Invoke();
            e.Handled = true;
            return;
        }

        // Select tool: begin rubber-band
        if (Editor is not null && Editor.ActiveTool == ToolType.Select)
        {
            _isSelecting = true;
            SelectionStart?.Invoke(pixel.Value.X, pixel.Value.Y);
            e.Handled = true;
            return;
        }

        // Regular drawing tools
        _isDrawing = true;
        ToolDown?.Invoke(pixel.Value.X, pixel.Value.Y);
        e.Handled = true;
    }

    protected override void OnPointerMoved(PointerEventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnPointerMoved(e);
        var pos = e.GetPosition(this);
        _lastScreenPos = pos;

        if (_isPanning)
        {
            var (imgW, imgH) = GetImageSize();
            _viewport.SetOffset(
                _panStartOffsetX + (pos.X - _panStart.X),
                _panStartOffsetY + (pos.Y - _panStart.Y),
                imgW, imgH, Bounds.Width, Bounds.Height);
            RecalcCursorPixel();
            InvalidateVisual();
            e.Handled = true;
            return;
        }

        var pixel = ScreenToPixelClamped(pos);
        if (pixel != _lastCursorPixel)
        {
            _lastCursorPixel = pixel;
            CursorPixelChanged?.Invoke(pixel);
        }

        // Paste mode: floating fragment follows cursor
        if (Editor is not null && Editor.IsPasting && pixel is not null)
        {
            PasteMoved?.Invoke(pixel.Value.X, pixel.Value.Y);
            InvalidateVisual();
            e.Handled = true;
            return;
        }

        // Selection rubber-band drag
        if (_isSelecting && pixel is not null)
        {
            SelectionUpdate?.Invoke(pixel.Value.X, pixel.Value.Y);
            InvalidateVisual();
            e.Handled = true;
            return;
        }

        if (_isDrawing && pixel is not null)
        {
            ToolDrag?.Invoke(pixel.Value.X, pixel.Value.Y);
            e.Handled = true;
        }
        else
        {
            InvalidateVisual();
        }
    }

    protected override void OnPointerReleased(PointerReleasedEventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnPointerReleased(e);

        if (_isPanning && e.InitialPressMouseButton == MouseButton.Middle)
        {
            _isPanning = false;
            e.Handled = true;
        }
        else if (_isSelecting && e.InitialPressMouseButton == MouseButton.Left)
        {
            _isSelecting = false;
            var pixel = ScreenToPixelClamped(e.GetPosition(this));
            if (pixel is not null)
                SelectionEnd?.Invoke(pixel.Value.X, pixel.Value.Y);
            InvalidateVisual();
            e.Handled = true;
        }
        else if (_isDrawing && e.InitialPressMouseButton == MouseButton.Left)
        {
            _isDrawing = false;
            e.Handled = true;
        }
    }

    protected override void OnPointerExited(PointerEventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnPointerExited(e);
        _lastScreenPos = null;
        if (_lastCursorPixel is not null)
        {
            _lastCursorPixel = null;
            CursorPixelChanged?.Invoke(null);
            InvalidateVisual();
        }
    }

    protected override void OnKeyDown(KeyEventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnKeyDown(e);

        if (e.Key == Key.Escape)
        {
            if (Editor is not null && Editor.IsPasting)
            {
                PasteCancelled?.Invoke();
                InvalidateVisual();
                e.Handled = true;
            }
            else if (Editor is not null && Editor.HasSelection)
            {
                Editor.ClearSelection();
                InvalidateVisual();
                e.Handled = true;
            }
        }
        else if (e.Key == Key.Enter && Editor is not null && Editor.IsPasting)
        {
            PasteCommitted?.Invoke();
            InvalidateVisual();
            e.Handled = true;
        }
    }

    #endregion

    protected override void OnPropertyChanged(AvaloniaPropertyChangedEventArgs change)
    {
        base.OnPropertyChanged(change);
        if (change.Property == SourceBitmapProperty)
        {
            var bmp = change.GetNewValue<WriteableBitmap?>();
            int w = bmp?.PixelSize.Width ?? 0;
            int h = bmp?.PixelSize.Height ?? 0;
            if (w != _lastBitmapWidth || h != _lastBitmapHeight)
            {
                _lastBitmapWidth = w;
                _lastBitmapHeight = h;
                _viewportInitialized = false;
            }
        }
    }
}

A.37. Minint/Controls/Viewport.cs

using System;
using Avalonia;

namespace Minint.Controls;

/// <summary>
/// Manages zoom level and pan offset for the pixel canvas.
/// Provides screen↔pixel coordinate transforms.
/// </summary>
public sealed class Viewport
{
    public double Zoom { get; set; } = 1.0;
    public double OffsetX { get; set; }
    public double OffsetY { get; set; }

    public const double MinZoom = 0.25;
    public const double MaxZoom = 128.0;

    /// <summary>
    /// Zoom base per 1.0 unit of wheel delta. Actual factor = Pow(base, |delta|).
    /// Touchpad nudge (delta ~0.1) → ~1.01×, mouse tick (delta 1.0) → 1.10×, fast (3.0) → 1.33×.
    /// </summary>
    private const double ZoomBase = 1.10;

    public (int X, int Y) ScreenToPixel(double screenX, double screenY) =>
        ((int)Math.Floor((screenX - OffsetX) / Zoom),
         (int)Math.Floor((screenY - OffsetY) / Zoom));

    public (double X, double Y) PixelToScreen(int pixelX, int pixelY) =>
        (pixelX * Zoom + OffsetX,
         pixelY * Zoom + OffsetY);

    public Rect ImageScreenRect(int imageWidth, int imageHeight) =>
        new(OffsetX, OffsetY, imageWidth * Zoom, imageHeight * Zoom);

    /// <summary>
    /// Zooms keeping the point under cursor fixed.
    /// Uses the actual magnitude of <paramref name="delta"/> for proportional zoom.
    /// </summary>
    public void ZoomAtPoint(double screenX, double screenY, double delta,
                            int imageWidth, int imageHeight, double controlWidth, double controlHeight)
    {
        double absDelta = Math.Abs(delta);
        double factor = delta > 0 ? Math.Pow(ZoomBase, absDelta) : 1.0 / Math.Pow(ZoomBase, absDelta);
        double newZoom = Math.Clamp(Zoom * factor, MinZoom, MaxZoom);
        if (Math.Abs(newZoom - Zoom) < 1e-12) return;

        double pixelX = (screenX - OffsetX) / Zoom;
        double pixelY = (screenY - OffsetY) / Zoom;
        Zoom = newZoom;
        OffsetX = screenX - pixelX * Zoom;
        OffsetY = screenY - pixelY * Zoom;

        ClampOffset(imageWidth, imageHeight, controlWidth, controlHeight);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Pans by screen-space delta, then clamps so the image can't be scrolled out of view.
    /// </summary>
    public void Pan(double deltaX, double deltaY,
                    int imageWidth, int imageHeight, double controlWidth, double controlHeight)
    {
        OffsetX += deltaX;
        OffsetY += deltaY;
        ClampOffset(imageWidth, imageHeight, controlWidth, controlHeight);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Sets offset directly (e.g. from middle-mouse drag), then clamps.
    /// </summary>
    public void SetOffset(double offsetX, double offsetY,
                          int imageWidth, int imageHeight, double controlWidth, double controlHeight)
    {
        OffsetX = offsetX;
        OffsetY = offsetY;
        ClampOffset(imageWidth, imageHeight, controlWidth, controlHeight);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Ensures at least <c>minVisible</c> pixels of the image remain on screen on each edge.
    /// </summary>
    public void ClampOffset(int imageWidth, int imageHeight, double controlWidth, double controlHeight)
    {
        double extentW = imageWidth * Zoom;
        double extentH = imageHeight * Zoom;

        double minVisH = Math.Max(32, Math.Min(controlWidth, extentW) * 0.10);
        double minVisV = Math.Max(32, Math.Min(controlHeight, extentH) * 0.10);

        // Image right edge must be >= minVisH from left of control
        // Image left edge must be <= controlWidth - minVisH from left
        OffsetX = Math.Clamp(OffsetX, minVisH - extentW, controlWidth - minVisH);
        OffsetY = Math.Clamp(OffsetY, minVisV - extentH, controlHeight - minVisV);
    }

    public void FitToView(int imageWidth, int imageHeight, double controlWidth, double controlHeight)
    {
        if (imageWidth <= 0 || imageHeight <= 0 || controlWidth <= 0 || controlHeight <= 0)
            return;

        double scaleX = controlWidth / imageWidth;
        double scaleY = controlHeight / imageHeight;
        Zoom = Math.Max(1.0, Math.Floor(Math.Min(scaleX, scaleY)));

        OffsetX = (controlWidth - imageWidth * Zoom) / 2.0;
        OffsetY = (controlHeight - imageHeight * Zoom) / 2.0;
    }

    public (double Min, double Max, double Value, double ViewportSize)
        GetScrollInfo(int imageSize, double controlSize, double offset)
    {
        double extent = imageSize * Zoom;
        double minVis = Math.Max(32, Math.Min(controlSize, extent) * 0.10);
        double min = minVis - extent;
        double max = controlSize - minVis;
        double viewportSize = Math.Min(controlSize, extent);
        return (min, max, offset, viewportSize);
    }
}

A.38. Minint/Program.cs

using Avalonia;
using System;
using System.IO;
using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;
using Minint.Infrastructure.Serialization;

namespace Minint;

sealed class Program
{
    [STAThread]
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        // TODO: remove --test branch after verification
        if (args.Length > 0 && args[0] == "--test")
        {
            RunRoundTripTest();
            RunCompositorTest();
            RunPaletteServiceTest();
            return;
        }

        BuildAvaloniaApp().StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args);
    }

    public static AppBuilder BuildAvaloniaApp()
        => AppBuilder.Configure<App>()
            .UsePlatformDetect()
            .WithInterFont()
            .LogToTrace()
            .With(new X11PlatformOptions { OverlayPopups = true });

    // TODO: temporary tests — remove after verification stages.

    private static void RunRoundTripTest()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("=== Minint Round-Trip Test ===\n");

        var container = new MinintContainer(8, 4);

        var doc1 = container.AddNewDocument("Frame 1");
        doc1.FrameDelayMs = 200;
        doc1.Palette.Add(new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255));   // idx 1 = red
        doc1.Palette.Add(new RgbaColor(0, 255, 0, 255));   // idx 2 = green
        doc1.Palette.Add(new RgbaColor(0, 0, 255, 128));   // idx 3 = semi-transparent blue
        var layer1 = doc1.Layers[0];
        for (int i = 0; i < layer1.Pixels.Length; i++)
            layer1.Pixels[i] = i % 4; // cycle 0,1,2,3

        doc1.Layers.Add(new MinintLayer("Overlay", container.PixelCount));
        var layer2 = doc1.Layers[1];
        layer2.Opacity = 128;
        layer2.Pixels[0] = 3;
        layer2.Pixels[5] = 2;

        var doc2 = container.AddNewDocument("Frame 2");
        doc2.FrameDelayMs = 150;
        doc2.Palette.Add(new RgbaColor(255, 255, 0, 255)); // idx 1 = yellow
        var layer3 = doc2.Layers[0];
        for (int i = 0; i < layer3.Pixels.Length; i++)
            layer3.Pixels[i] = i % 2;

        Console.WriteLine($"Original: {container.Width}x{container.Height}, {container.Documents.Count} docs");
        Console.WriteLine($"  Doc1: palette={doc1.Palette.Count} colors, layers={doc1.Layers.Count}, indexWidth={doc1.IndexByteWidth}");
        Console.WriteLine($"  Doc2: palette={doc2.Palette.Count} colors, layers={doc2.Layers.Count}, indexWidth={doc2.IndexByteWidth}");

        var serializer = new MinintSerializer();

        using var ms = new MemoryStream();
        serializer.Write(ms, container);
        byte[] data = ms.ToArray();
        Console.WriteLine($"\nSerialized: {data.Length} bytes");
        Console.WriteLine($"  Signature: {System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetString(data, 0, 6)}");

        ms.Position = 0;
        var loaded = serializer.Read(ms);

        Assert(loaded.Width == container.Width, "Width mismatch");
        Assert(loaded.Height == container.Height, "Height mismatch");
        Assert(loaded.Documents.Count == container.Documents.Count, "Document count mismatch");

        for (int d = 0; d < container.Documents.Count; d++)
        {
            var orig = container.Documents[d];
            var copy = loaded.Documents[d];
            Assert(copy.Name == orig.Name, $"Doc[{d}] name mismatch");
            Assert(copy.FrameDelayMs == orig.FrameDelayMs, $"Doc[{d}] frameDelay mismatch");
            Assert(copy.Palette.Count == orig.Palette.Count, $"Doc[{d}] palette count mismatch");

            for (int c = 0; c < orig.Palette.Count; c++)
                Assert(copy.Palette[c] == orig.Palette[c], $"Doc[{d}] palette[{c}] mismatch");

            Assert(copy.Layers.Count == orig.Layers.Count, $"Doc[{d}] layer count mismatch");

            for (int l = 0; l < orig.Layers.Count; l++)
            {
                var oLayer = orig.Layers[l];
                var cLayer = copy.Layers[l];
                Assert(cLayer.Name == oLayer.Name, $"Doc[{d}].Layer[{l}] name mismatch");
                Assert(cLayer.IsVisible == oLayer.IsVisible, $"Doc[{d}].Layer[{l}] visibility mismatch");
                Assert(cLayer.Opacity == oLayer.Opacity, $"Doc[{d}].Layer[{l}] opacity mismatch");
                Assert(cLayer.Pixels.Length == oLayer.Pixels.Length, $"Doc[{d}].Layer[{l}] pixel count mismatch");

                for (int p = 0; p < oLayer.Pixels.Length; p++)
                    Assert(cLayer.Pixels[p] == oLayer.Pixels[p],
                        $"Doc[{d}].Layer[{l}].Pixels[{p}] mismatch: expected {oLayer.Pixels[p]}, got {cLayer.Pixels[p]}");
            }
        }

        Console.WriteLine("\n✓ All assertions passed — round-trip is correct!");

        // Test invalid signature
        Console.Write("\nTest: invalid signature... ");
        data[0] = (byte)'X';
        try
        {
            serializer.Read(new MemoryStream(data));
            Console.WriteLine("FAIL (no exception)");
        }
        catch (InvalidDataException)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("OK (InvalidDataException)");
        }
        data[0] = (byte)'M'; // restore

        // Test truncated stream
        Console.Write("Test: truncated stream... ");
        try
        {
            serializer.Read(new MemoryStream(data, 0, 10));
            Console.WriteLine("FAIL (no exception)");
        }
        catch (Exception ex) when (ex is InvalidDataException or EndOfStreamException)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"OK ({ex.GetType().Name})");
        }

        Console.WriteLine("\n=== All tests passed ===");
    }

    private static void RunCompositorTest()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("\n=== Compositor Test ===\n");

        var compositor = new Compositor();
        const int W = 2, H = 2;

        // Document: 2 layers on a 2x2 canvas
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");
        doc.Palette.Add(new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255));  // idx 1 = opaque red
        doc.Palette.Add(new RgbaColor(0, 0, 255, 128));  // idx 2 = semi-transparent blue

        // Bottom layer: all red
        var bottom = new MinintLayer("bottom", W * H);
        for (int i = 0; i < bottom.Pixels.Length; i++)
            bottom.Pixels[i] = 1;
        doc.Layers.Add(bottom);

        // Top layer: pixel[0] = semi-blue, rest transparent
        var top = new MinintLayer("top", W * H);
        top.Pixels[0] = 2;
        doc.Layers.Add(top);

        uint[] result = compositor.Composite(doc, W, H);

        // Pixel [1],[2],[3]: only bottom visible → opaque red → 0xFFFF0000 (ARGB)
        uint opaqueRed = 0xFF_FF_00_00;
        Assert(result[1] == opaqueRed, $"Pixel[1]: expected {opaqueRed:X8}, got {result[1]:X8}");
        Assert(result[2] == opaqueRed, $"Pixel[2]: expected {opaqueRed:X8}, got {result[2]:X8}");
        Assert(result[3] == opaqueRed, $"Pixel[3]: expected {opaqueRed:X8}, got {result[3]:X8}");

        // Pixel [0]: red(255,0,0,255) under blue(0,0,255,128)
        // srcA=128, dstA=255 → outA = 128 + 255*(255-128)/255 = 128+127 = 255
        // outR = (0*128 + 255*255*(127)/255) / 255 = (0 + 255*127)/255 = 127
        // outG = 0
        // outB = (255*128 + 0) / 255 = 128
        uint blended = result[0];
        byte bA = (byte)(blended >> 24);
        byte bR = (byte)((blended >> 16) & 0xFF);
        byte bG = (byte)((blended >> 8) & 0xFF);
        byte bB = (byte)(blended & 0xFF);

        Console.WriteLine($"  Blended pixel[0]: A={bA} R={bR} G={bG} B={bB}");
        Assert(bA == 255, $"Pixel[0] A: expected 255, got {bA}");
        Assert(bR >= 125 && bR <= 129, $"Pixel[0] R: expected ~127, got {bR}");
        Assert(bG == 0, $"Pixel[0] G: expected 0, got {bG}");
        Assert(bB >= 126 && bB <= 130, $"Pixel[0] B: expected ~128, got {bB}");

        // Test hidden layer: hide top, result should be all red
        top.IsVisible = false;
        uint[] result2 = compositor.Composite(doc, W, H);
        Assert(result2[0] == opaqueRed, $"Hidden top: Pixel[0] should be red, got {result2[0]:X8}");

        // Test layer opacity=0: make top visible but opacity=0
        top.IsVisible = true;
        top.Opacity = 0;
        uint[] result3 = compositor.Composite(doc, W, H);
        Assert(result3[0] == opaqueRed, $"Opacity 0: Pixel[0] should be red, got {result3[0]:X8}");

        // Test single transparent layer
        var emptyDoc = new MinintDocument("empty");
        emptyDoc.Layers.Add(new MinintLayer("bg", W * H));
        uint[] result4 = compositor.Composite(emptyDoc, W, H);
        Assert(result4[0] == 0, $"Empty layer: Pixel[0] should be 0x00000000, got {result4[0]:X8}");

        Console.WriteLine("✓ Compositor tests passed!");
    }

    private static void RunPaletteServiceTest()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("\n=== PaletteService Test ===\n");

        var svc = new PaletteService();
        var doc = new MinintDocument("test");

        // Palette starts with [Transparent]
        Assert(doc.Palette.Count == 1, "Initial palette should have 1 entry");

        // EnsureColor: new color
        var red = new RgbaColor(255, 0, 0, 255);
        int redIdx = svc.EnsureColor(doc, red);
        Assert(redIdx == 1, $"Red index: expected 1, got {redIdx}");
        Assert(doc.Palette.Count == 2, $"Palette count after red: expected 2, got {doc.Palette.Count}");

        // EnsureColor: same color → same index
        int redIdx2 = svc.EnsureColor(doc, red);
        Assert(redIdx2 == 1, $"Red re-ensure: expected 1, got {redIdx2}");
        Assert(doc.Palette.Count == 2, "Palette should not grow on duplicate");

        // FindColor
        Assert(svc.FindColor(doc, red) == 1, "FindColor red");
        Assert(svc.FindColor(doc, new RgbaColor(0, 0, 0, 255)) == -1, "FindColor missing");

        // Compact: add unused color, then compact
        var green = new RgbaColor(0, 255, 0, 255);
        int greenIdx = svc.EnsureColor(doc, green); // idx 2
        doc.Layers.Add(new MinintLayer("L", 4));
        doc.Layers[0].Pixels[0] = 1; // red used
        doc.Layers[0].Pixels[1] = 0; // transparent used
        // green (idx 2) is NOT used by any pixel

        Console.WriteLine($"  Before compact: palette has {doc.Palette.Count} colors (green at idx {greenIdx})");
        svc.CompactPalette(doc);
        Console.WriteLine($"  After compact: palette has {doc.Palette.Count} colors");

        Assert(doc.Palette.Count == 2, $"After compact: expected 2 colors, got {doc.Palette.Count}");
        Assert(doc.Palette[0] == RgbaColor.Transparent, "Palette[0] should be transparent");
        Assert(doc.Palette[1] == red, $"Palette[1] should be red, got {doc.Palette[1]}");
        Assert(doc.Layers[0].Pixels[0] == 1, "Pixel[0] should still map to red (idx 1)");

        Console.WriteLine("✓ PaletteService tests passed!");
    }

    private static void Assert(bool condition, string message)
    {
        if (!condition)
            throw new Exception($"Assertion failed: {message}");
    }
}

A.39. Minint/ViewLocator.cs

using System;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using Avalonia.Controls;
using Avalonia.Controls.Templates;
using Minint.ViewModels;

namespace Minint;

/// <summary>
/// Given a view model, returns the corresponding view if possible.
/// </summary>
[RequiresUnreferencedCode(
    "Default implementation of ViewLocator involves reflection which may be trimmed away.",
    Url = "https://docs.avaloniaui.net/docs/concepts/view-locator")]
public class ViewLocator : IDataTemplate
{
    public Control? Build(object? param)
    {
        if (param is null)
            return null;
        
        var name = param.GetType().FullName!.Replace("ViewModel", "View", StringComparison.Ordinal);
        var type = Type.GetType(name);

        if (type != null)
        {
            return (Control)Activator.CreateInstance(type)!;
        }
        
        return new TextBlock { Text = "Not Found: " + name };
    }

    public bool Match(object? data)
    {
        return data is ViewModelBase;
    }
}

A.40. Minint/ViewModels/EditorViewModel.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.ComponentModel;
using Avalonia;
using Avalonia.Media.Imaging;
using Avalonia.Threading;
using CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.ComponentModel;
using CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.Input;
using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;

namespace Minint.ViewModels;

/// <summary>
/// Palette-independent clipboard fragment: stores resolved RGBA pixels.
/// </summary>
public sealed record ClipboardFragment(int Width, int Height, RgbaColor[] Pixels);

public partial class EditorViewModel : ViewModelBase
{
    private readonly ICompositor _compositor = new Compositor();
    private readonly IPaletteService _paletteService = new PaletteService();
    private readonly IDrawingService _drawingService = new DrawingService();
    private readonly IFloodFillService _floodFillService = new FloodFillService();
    private readonly IFragmentService _fragmentService = new FragmentService();

    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyPropertyChangedFor(nameof(HasContainer))]
    [NotifyPropertyChangedFor(nameof(Title))]
    private MinintContainer? _container;

    [ObservableProperty]
    private MinintDocument? _activeDocument;

    [ObservableProperty]
    private MinintLayer? _activeLayer;

    private bool _suppressDocumentSync;

    [ObservableProperty]
    private WriteableBitmap? _canvasBitmap;

    [ObservableProperty]
    private bool _showGrid;

    // Tool state
    [ObservableProperty]
    private ToolType _activeTool = ToolType.Brush;

    [ObservableProperty]
    private int _brushRadius = 1;

    [ObservableProperty]
    private (int X, int Y)? _previewCenter;

    private Avalonia.Media.Color _previewColor = Avalonia.Media.Color.FromArgb(255, 0, 0, 0);

    public Avalonia.Media.Color PreviewColor
    {
        get => _previewColor;
        set
        {
            if (_previewColor == value) return;
            _previewColor = value;
            OnPropertyChanged();
            OnPropertyChanged(nameof(SelectedColor));
        }
    }

    public RgbaColor SelectedColor => new(_previewColor.R, _previewColor.G, _previewColor.B, _previewColor.A);

    // Selection state (Select tool rubber-band)
    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyPropertyChangedFor(nameof(HasSelection))]
    private (int X, int Y, int W, int H)? _selectionRect;

    public bool HasSelection => SelectionRect is not null;

    // Clipboard
    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyPropertyChangedFor(nameof(HasClipboard))]
    private ClipboardFragment? _clipboard;

    public bool HasClipboard => Clipboard is not null;

    // Paste mode
    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyPropertyChangedFor(nameof(IsPasting))]
    private (int X, int Y)? _pastePosition;

    public bool IsPasting => PastePosition is not null;

    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyPropertyChangedFor(nameof(Title))]
    private string? _filePath;

    public bool HasContainer => Container is not null;

    public string Title => FilePath is not null
        ? $"Minint — {System.IO.Path.GetFileName(FilePath)}"
        : Container is not null
            ? "Minint — Untitled"
            : "Minint";

    public ObservableCollection<MinintDocument> Documents { get; } = [];
    public ObservableCollection<MinintLayer> Layers { get; } = [];

    #region Container / Document management

    public void NewContainer(int width, int height)
    {
        var c = new MinintContainer(width, height);
        c.AddNewDocument("Document 1");
        LoadContainer(c, null);
    }

    public void LoadContainer(MinintContainer container, string? path)
    {
        Container = container;
        FilePath = path;

        SyncDocumentsList();
        SelectDocument(container.Documents.Count > 0 ? container.Documents[0] : null);
    }

    partial void OnActiveDocumentChanged(MinintDocument? value)
    {
        if (_suppressDocumentSync) return;
        SyncLayersAndCanvas(value);
    }

    public void SelectDocument(MinintDocument? doc)
    {
        _suppressDocumentSync = true;
        ActiveDocument = doc;
        _suppressDocumentSync = false;
        SyncLayersAndCanvas(doc);
    }

    public void SyncAfterExternalChange() => SyncDocumentsList();

    private void SyncDocumentsList()
    {
        Documents.Clear();
        if (Container is null) return;
        foreach (var doc in Container.Documents)
            Documents.Add(doc);
    }

    private void SyncLayersAndCanvas(MinintDocument? doc)
    {
        UnsubscribeLayerVisibility();
        Layers.Clear();
        if (doc is not null)
        {
            foreach (var layer in doc.Layers)
                Layers.Add(layer);
            ActiveLayer = doc.Layers.Count > 0 ? doc.Layers[0] : null;
        }
        else
        {
            ActiveLayer = null;
        }
        SubscribeLayerVisibility();
        RefreshCanvas();
    }

    #endregion

    #region Layer visibility change tracking

    private void SubscribeLayerVisibility()
    {
        foreach (var layer in Layers)
        {
            if (layer is INotifyPropertyChanged npc)
                npc.PropertyChanged += OnLayerPropertyChanged;
        }
    }

    private void UnsubscribeLayerVisibility()
    {
        foreach (var layer in Layers)
        {
            if (layer is INotifyPropertyChanged npc)
                npc.PropertyChanged -= OnLayerPropertyChanged;
        }
    }

    private void OnLayerPropertyChanged(object? sender, PropertyChangedEventArgs e)
    {
        if (e.PropertyName is nameof(MinintLayer.IsVisible) or nameof(MinintLayer.Opacity))
            RefreshCanvas();
    }

    #endregion

    #region Document commands

    [RelayCommand]
    private void AddDocument()
    {
        if (Container is null) return;
        int num = Container.Documents.Count + 1;
        var doc = Container.AddNewDocument($"Document {num}");
        Documents.Add(doc);
        SelectDocument(doc);
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void RemoveDocument()
    {
        if (Container is null || ActiveDocument is null) return;
        if (Container.Documents.Count <= 1) return;

        var doc = ActiveDocument;
        int idx = Container.Documents.IndexOf(doc);
        Container.Documents.Remove(doc);
        Documents.Remove(doc);

        int newIdx = Math.Min(idx, Container.Documents.Count - 1);
        SelectDocument(newIdx >= 0 ? Container.Documents[newIdx] : null);
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void RenameDocument() { }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void MoveDocumentUp()
    {
        if (Container is null || ActiveDocument is null) return;
        var doc = ActiveDocument;
        int idx = Container.Documents.IndexOf(doc);
        if (idx <= 0) return;
        (Container.Documents[idx], Container.Documents[idx - 1]) = (Container.Documents[idx - 1], Container.Documents[idx]);
        SyncDocumentsList();
        ReselectDocument(doc);
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void MoveDocumentDown()
    {
        if (Container is null || ActiveDocument is null) return;
        var doc = ActiveDocument;
        int idx = Container.Documents.IndexOf(doc);
        if (idx < 0 || idx >= Container.Documents.Count - 1) return;
        (Container.Documents[idx], Container.Documents[idx + 1]) = (Container.Documents[idx + 1], Container.Documents[idx]);
        SyncDocumentsList();
        ReselectDocument(doc);
    }

    private void ReselectDocument(MinintDocument doc)
    {
        // Force SelectedItem rebinding after list rebuild even when the selected object is the same reference.
        _suppressDocumentSync = true;
        ActiveDocument = null;
        ActiveDocument = doc;
        _suppressDocumentSync = false;
        SyncLayersAndCanvas(doc);
    }

    #endregion

    #region Layer commands

    [RelayCommand]
    private void AddLayer()
    {
        if (Container is null || ActiveDocument is null) return;
        int num = ActiveDocument.Layers.Count + 1;
        var layer = new MinintLayer($"Layer {num}", Container.PixelCount);
        ActiveDocument.Layers.Add(layer);
        Layers.Add(layer);
        ActiveLayer = layer;
        SubscribeLayerVisibility();
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void RemoveLayer()
    {
        if (ActiveDocument is null || ActiveLayer is null) return;
        if (ActiveDocument.Layers.Count <= 1) return;

        UnsubscribeLayerVisibility();
        var layer = ActiveLayer;
        int idx = ActiveDocument.Layers.IndexOf(layer);
        ActiveDocument.Layers.Remove(layer);
        Layers.Remove(layer);

        int newIdx = Math.Min(idx, ActiveDocument.Layers.Count - 1);
        ActiveLayer = newIdx >= 0 ? ActiveDocument.Layers[newIdx] : null;
        SubscribeLayerVisibility();
        RefreshCanvas();
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void MoveLayerUp()
    {
        if (ActiveDocument is null || ActiveLayer is null) return;
        int idx = ActiveDocument.Layers.IndexOf(ActiveLayer);
        if (idx <= 0) return;

        UnsubscribeLayerVisibility();
        var layer = ActiveLayer;
        (ActiveDocument.Layers[idx], ActiveDocument.Layers[idx - 1]) = (ActiveDocument.Layers[idx - 1], ActiveDocument.Layers[idx]);
        Layers.Move(idx, idx - 1);
        ActiveLayer = layer;
        SubscribeLayerVisibility();
        RefreshCanvas();
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void MoveLayerDown()
    {
        if (ActiveDocument is null || ActiveLayer is null) return;
        int idx = ActiveDocument.Layers.IndexOf(ActiveLayer);
        if (idx < 0 || idx >= ActiveDocument.Layers.Count - 1) return;

        UnsubscribeLayerVisibility();
        var layer = ActiveLayer;
        (ActiveDocument.Layers[idx], ActiveDocument.Layers[idx + 1]) = (ActiveDocument.Layers[idx + 1], ActiveDocument.Layers[idx]);
        Layers.Move(idx, idx + 1);
        ActiveLayer = layer;
        SubscribeLayerVisibility();
        RefreshCanvas();
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void DuplicateLayer()
    {
        if (Container is null || ActiveDocument is null || ActiveLayer is null) return;
        var src = ActiveLayer;
        var dup = new MinintLayer(src.Name + " copy", src.IsVisible, src.Opacity, (int[])src.Pixels.Clone());
        int idx = ActiveDocument.Layers.IndexOf(src) + 1;
        ActiveDocument.Layers.Insert(idx, dup);

        UnsubscribeLayerVisibility();
        Layers.Insert(idx, dup);
        ActiveLayer = dup;
        SubscribeLayerVisibility();
        RefreshCanvas();
    }

    #endregion

    #region Drawing

    public void OnToolDown(int px, int py)
    {
        if (IsPlaying) return;
        if (Container is null || ActiveDocument is null || ActiveLayer is null)
            return;

        int w = Container.Width, h = Container.Height;
        if (px < 0 || px >= w || py < 0 || py >= h)
            return;

        if (ActiveTool == ToolType.Select) return; // handled separately

        switch (ActiveTool)
        {
            case ToolType.Brush:
            {
                int colorIdx = ActiveDocument.EnsureColorCached(SelectedColor);
                _drawingService.ApplyBrush(ActiveLayer, px, py, BrushRadius, colorIdx, w, h);
                break;
            }
            case ToolType.Eraser:
                _drawingService.ApplyEraser(ActiveLayer, px, py, BrushRadius, w, h);
                break;
            case ToolType.Fill:
            {
                int colorIdx = ActiveDocument.EnsureColorCached(SelectedColor);
                _floodFillService.Fill(ActiveLayer, px, py, colorIdx, w, h);
                break;
            }
        }

        RefreshCanvas();
    }

    public void OnToolDrag(int px, int py)
    {
        if (IsPlaying) return;
        if (ActiveTool is ToolType.Fill or ToolType.Select) return;
        OnToolDown(px, py);
    }

    public List<(int X, int Y)>? GetPreviewMask()
    {
        if (PreviewCenter is null || Container is null)
            return null;
        if (ActiveTool is ToolType.Fill or ToolType.Select)
            return null;

        var (cx, cy) = PreviewCenter.Value;
        return _drawingService.GetBrushMask(cx, cy, BrushRadius, Container.Width, Container.Height);
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void SelectBrush() { CancelPasteMode(); ActiveTool = ToolType.Brush; }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void SelectEraser() { CancelPasteMode(); ActiveTool = ToolType.Eraser; }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void SelectFill() { CancelPasteMode(); ActiveTool = ToolType.Fill; }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void SelectSelectTool() { CancelPasteMode(); ActiveTool = ToolType.Select; }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void ToggleGrid() => ShowGrid = !ShowGrid;

    #endregion

    #region Selection + Copy/Paste (A4)

    /// <summary>Called by PixelCanvas when selection drag starts.</summary>
    public void BeginSelection(int px, int py)
    {
        if (IsPlaying) return;
        SelectionRect = (px, py, 0, 0);
    }

    /// <summary>Called by PixelCanvas as the user drags.</summary>
    public void UpdateSelection(int px, int py)
    {
        if (SelectionRect is null) return;
        var s = SelectionRect.Value;
        int x = Math.Min(s.X, px);
        int y = Math.Min(s.Y, py);
        int w = Math.Abs(px - s.X) + 1;
        int h = Math.Abs(py - s.Y) + 1;
        // Store normalized rect but keep original anchor in _selAnchor
        _selectionRectNormalized = (x, y, w, h);
    }

    /// <summary>Called by PixelCanvas when mouse is released.</summary>
    public void FinishSelection(int px, int py)
    {
        if (SelectionRect is null) return;
        var s = SelectionRect.Value;
        int x0 = Math.Min(s.X, px);
        int y0 = Math.Min(s.Y, py);
        int rw = Math.Abs(px - s.X) + 1;
        int rh = Math.Abs(py - s.Y) + 1;
        if (Container is not null)
        {
            x0 = Math.Max(0, x0);
            y0 = Math.Max(0, y0);
            rw = Math.Min(rw, Container.Width - x0);
            rh = Math.Min(rh, Container.Height - y0);
        }
        if (rw <= 0 || rh <= 0)
        {
            SelectionRect = null;
            _selectionRectNormalized = null;
            return;
        }
        SelectionRect = (x0, y0, rw, rh);
        _selectionRectNormalized = SelectionRect;
    }

    private (int X, int Y, int W, int H)? _selectionRectNormalized;

    /// <summary>The normalized (positive W/H, clamped) selection rectangle for rendering.</summary>
    public (int X, int Y, int W, int H)? SelectionRectNormalized => _selectionRectNormalized;

    [RelayCommand]
    private void CopySelection()
    {
        if (SelectionRect is null || ActiveDocument is null || ActiveLayer is null || Container is null)
            return;

        var (sx, sy, sw, sh) = SelectionRect.Value;
        int cw = Container.Width;
        var palette = ActiveDocument.Palette;
        var srcPixels = ActiveLayer.Pixels;
        var buf = new RgbaColor[sw * sh];

        for (int dy = 0; dy < sh; dy++)
        {
            int srcRow = sy + dy;
            for (int dx = 0; dx < sw; dx++)
            {
                int srcCol = sx + dx;
                int idx = srcPixels[srcRow * cw + srcCol];
                buf[dy * sw + dx] = idx < palette.Count ? palette[idx] : RgbaColor.Transparent;
            }
        }

        Clipboard = new ClipboardFragment(sw, sh, buf);
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void PasteClipboard()
    {
        if (Clipboard is null) return;
        PastePosition = (0, 0);
    }

    public void MovePaste(int px, int py)
    {
        if (IsPlaying || !IsPasting) return;
        PastePosition = (px, py);
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    public void CommitPaste()
    {
        if (IsPlaying) return;
        if (!IsPasting || Clipboard is null || ActiveDocument is null || ActiveLayer is null || Container is null)
            return;

        var (px, py) = PastePosition!.Value;
        int cw = Container.Width, ch = Container.Height;
        var frag = Clipboard;
        var dstPixels = ActiveLayer.Pixels;

        for (int fy = 0; fy < frag.Height; fy++)
        {
            int dy = py + fy;
            if (dy < 0 || dy >= ch) continue;
            for (int fx = 0; fx < frag.Width; fx++)
            {
                int dx = px + fx;
                if (dx < 0 || dx >= cw) continue;
                var color = frag.Pixels[fy * frag.Width + fx];
                if (color.A == 0) continue; // skip transparent
                int colorIdx = ActiveDocument.EnsureColorCached(color);
                dstPixels[dy * cw + dx] = colorIdx;
            }
        }

        PastePosition = null;
        SelectionRect = null;
        _selectionRectNormalized = null;
        RefreshCanvas();
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    public void CancelPaste()
    {
        PastePosition = null;
    }

    public void ClearSelection()
    {
        SelectionRect = null;
        _selectionRectNormalized = null;
    }

    private void CancelPasteMode()
    {
        PastePosition = null;
        SelectionRect = null;
        _selectionRectNormalized = null;
    }

    #endregion

    #region Canvas rendering

    public void RefreshCanvas()
    {
        if (Container is null || ActiveDocument is null)
        {
            CanvasBitmap = null;
            return;
        }

        int w = Container.Width;
        int h = Container.Height;
        uint[] argb = _compositor.Composite(ActiveDocument, w, h);

        var bmp = new WriteableBitmap(
            new PixelSize(w, h),
            new Vector(96, 96),
            Avalonia.Platform.PixelFormat.Bgra8888);

        using (var fb = bmp.Lock())
        {
            unsafe
            {
                var dst = new Span<uint>((void*)fb.Address, w * h);
                for (int i = 0; i < argb.Length; i++)
                {
                    uint px = argb[i];
                    byte a = (byte)(px >> 24);
                    byte r = (byte)((px >> 16) & 0xFF);
                    byte g = (byte)((px >> 8) & 0xFF);
                    byte b = (byte)(px & 0xFF);

                    if (a == 255)
                    {
                        dst[i] = px;
                    }
                    else if (a == 0)
                    {
                        dst[i] = 0;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        r = (byte)(r * a / 255);
                        g = (byte)(g * a / 255);
                        b = (byte)(b * a / 255);
                        dst[i] = (uint)(b | (g << 8) | (r << 16) | (a << 24));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        CanvasBitmap = bmp;
    }

    #endregion

    #region Animation playback

    private DispatcherTimer? _animationTimer;
    private int _animationFrameIndex;

    [ObservableProperty]
    [NotifyPropertyChangedFor(nameof(IsNotPlaying))]
    private bool _isPlaying;

    public bool IsNotPlaying => !IsPlaying;

    [RelayCommand]
    private void PlayAnimation()
    {
        if (Container is null || Container.Documents.Count < 2) return;
        if (IsPlaying) return;

        IsPlaying = true;
        _animationFrameIndex = ActiveDocument is not null
            ? Container.Documents.IndexOf(ActiveDocument)
            : 0;
        if (_animationFrameIndex < 0) _animationFrameIndex = 0;

        AdvanceAnimationFrame();
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void StopAnimation()
    {
        _animationTimer?.Stop();
        _animationTimer = null;
        IsPlaying = false;
        if (ActiveDocument is not null)
            SyncLayersAndCanvas(ActiveDocument);
    }

    private void AdvanceAnimationFrame()
    {
        if (Container is null || !IsPlaying)
        {
            StopAnimation();
            return;
        }

        var docs = Container.Documents;
        if (docs.Count == 0)
        {
            StopAnimation();
            return;
        }

        _animationFrameIndex %= docs.Count;
        var doc = docs[_animationFrameIndex];

        _suppressDocumentSync = true;
        ActiveDocument = doc;
        _suppressDocumentSync = false;
        RefreshCanvasFor(doc);

        uint delay = doc.FrameDelayMs;
        if (delay < 10) delay = 10;

        _animationTimer?.Stop();
        _animationTimer = new DispatcherTimer { Interval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(delay) };
        _animationTimer.Tick += (_, _) =>
        {
            _animationTimer?.Stop();
            _animationFrameIndex++;
            AdvanceAnimationFrame();
        };
        _animationTimer.Start();
    }

    private void RefreshCanvasFor(MinintDocument doc)
    {
        if (Container is null)
        {
            CanvasBitmap = null;
            return;
        }

        int w = Container.Width;
        int h = Container.Height;
        uint[] argb = _compositor.Composite(doc, w, h);

        var bmp = new WriteableBitmap(
            new PixelSize(w, h),
            new Vector(96, 96),
            Avalonia.Platform.PixelFormat.Bgra8888);

        using (var fb = bmp.Lock())
        {
            unsafe
            {
                var dst = new Span<uint>((void*)fb.Address, w * h);
                for (int i = 0; i < argb.Length; i++)
                {
                    uint px = argb[i];
                    byte a2 = (byte)(px >> 24);
                    byte r2 = (byte)((px >> 16) & 0xFF);
                    byte g2 = (byte)((px >> 8) & 0xFF);
                    byte b2 = (byte)(px & 0xFF);

                    if (a2 == 255) { dst[i] = px; }
                    else if (a2 == 0) { dst[i] = 0; }
                    else
                    {
                        r2 = (byte)(r2 * a2 / 255);
                        g2 = (byte)(g2 * a2 / 255);
                        b2 = (byte)(b2 * a2 / 255);
                        dst[i] = (uint)(b2 | (g2 << 8) | (r2 << 16) | (a2 << 24));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        CanvasBitmap = bmp;
    }

    #endregion

    public ICompositor Compositor => _compositor;
    public IPaletteService PaletteService => _paletteService;
    public IDrawingService DrawingService => _drawingService;
    public IFragmentService FragmentService => _fragmentService;
}

A.41. Minint/ViewModels/MainWindowViewModel.cs

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Avalonia.Controls;
using Avalonia.Platform.Storage;
using CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.ComponentModel;
using CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.Input;
using Minint.Core.Services;
using Minint.Core.Services.Impl;
using Minint.Infrastructure.Export;
using Minint.Infrastructure.Serialization;
using Minint.Views;

namespace Minint.ViewModels;

public partial class MainWindowViewModel : ViewModelBase
{
    private readonly MinintSerializer _serializer = new();
    private readonly IImageEffectsService _effects = new ImageEffectsService();
    private readonly IPatternGenerator _patternGen = new PatternGenerator();
    private readonly IBmpExporter _bmpExporter = new BmpExporter();
    private readonly IGifExporter _gifExporter = new GifExporter();
    private readonly ICompositor _compositor = new Compositor();

    private static readonly FilePickerFileType MinintFileType = new("Minint Files")
    {
        Patterns = ["*.minint"],
    };

    private static readonly FilePickerFileType BmpFileType = new("BMP Image")
    {
        Patterns = ["*.bmp"],
    };

    private static readonly FilePickerFileType GifFileType = new("GIF Animation")
    {
        Patterns = ["*.gif"],
    };

    [ObservableProperty]
    private EditorViewModel _editor = new();

    [ObservableProperty]
    private string _statusText = "Ready";

    public TopLevel? Owner { get; set; }

    #region File commands

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task NewFileAsync()
    {
        if (Owner is not Window window) return;

        var dialog = new NewContainerDialog();
        var result = await dialog.ShowDialog<bool?>(window);
        if (result != true) return;

        int w = dialog.CanvasWidth;
        int h = dialog.CanvasHeight;
        Editor.NewContainer(w, h);
        StatusText = $"New {w}×{h} container created.";
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task OpenFileAsync()
    {
        if (Owner?.StorageProvider is not { } sp) return;

        var files = await sp.OpenFilePickerAsync(new FilePickerOpenOptions
        {
            Title = "Open .minint file",
            FileTypeFilter = [MinintFileType],
            AllowMultiple = false,
        });

        if (files.Count == 0) return;

        var file = files[0];
        try
        {
            await using var stream = await file.OpenReadAsync();
            var container = _serializer.Read(stream);
            var path = file.TryGetLocalPath();
            Editor.LoadContainer(container, path);
            StatusText = $"Opened {file.Name}";
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            StatusText = $"Error opening file: {ex.Message}";
        }
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task SaveFileAsync()
    {
        if (Editor.Container is null) return;

        if (Editor.FilePath is not null)
            await SaveToPathAsync(Editor.FilePath);
        else
            await SaveFileAsAsync();
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task SaveFileAsAsync()
    {
        if (Owner?.StorageProvider is not { } sp || Editor.Container is null) return;

        var file = await sp.SaveFilePickerAsync(new FilePickerSaveOptions
        {
            Title = "Save .minint file",
            DefaultExtension = "minint",
            FileTypeChoices = [MinintFileType],
            SuggestedFileName = Editor.FilePath is not null
                ? Path.GetFileName(Editor.FilePath) : "untitled.minint",
        });

        if (file is null) return;

        var path = file.TryGetLocalPath();
        if (path is null)
        {
            StatusText = "Error: could not resolve file path.";
            return;
        }

        await SaveToPathAsync(path);
    }

    private async Task SaveToPathAsync(string path)
    {
        try
        {
            await using var fs = File.Create(path);
            _serializer.Write(fs, Editor.Container!);
            Editor.FilePath = path;
            StatusText = $"Saved {Path.GetFileName(path)}";
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            StatusText = $"Error saving file: {ex.Message}";
        }
    }

    #endregion

    #region Effects (A1, A2)

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task ApplyContrastAsync()
    {
        if (Editor.ActiveDocument is null || Owner is not Window window) return;

        var dialog = new ContrastDialog();
        var result = await dialog.ShowDialog<bool?>(window);
        if (result != true) return;

        _effects.ApplyContrast(Editor.ActiveDocument, dialog.Factor);
        Editor.RefreshCanvas();
        StatusText = $"Contrast ×{dialog.Factor:F1} applied.";
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private void ApplyGrayscale()
    {
        if (Editor.ActiveDocument is null) return;

        _effects.ApplyGrayscale(Editor.ActiveDocument);
        Editor.RefreshCanvas();
        StatusText = "Grayscale applied.";
    }

    #endregion

    #region Pattern generation (Б4)

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task GeneratePatternAsync()
    {
        if (Editor.Container is null || Owner is not Window window) return;

        var dialog = new PatternDialog();
        var result = await dialog.ShowDialog<bool?>(window);
        if (result != true) return;

        try
        {
            var doc = _patternGen.Generate(
                dialog.SelectedPattern,
                Editor.Container.Width,
                Editor.Container.Height,
                [dialog.PatternColor1, dialog.PatternColor2],
                dialog.PatternParam1,
                dialog.PatternParam2);

            Editor.Container.Documents.Add(doc);
            Editor.SyncAfterExternalChange();
            Editor.SelectDocument(doc);
            StatusText = $"Pattern '{dialog.SelectedPattern}' generated.";
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            StatusText = $"Pattern generation failed: {ex.Message}";
        }
    }

    #endregion

    #region Export (BMP / GIF)

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task ExportBmpAsync()
    {
        if (Editor.Container is null || Editor.ActiveDocument is null) return;
        if (Owner?.StorageProvider is not { } sp) return;

        var file = await sp.SaveFilePickerAsync(new FilePickerSaveOptions
        {
            Title = "Export document as BMP",
            DefaultExtension = "bmp",
            FileTypeChoices = [BmpFileType],
            SuggestedFileName = $"{Editor.ActiveDocument.Name}.bmp",
        });
        if (file is null) return;

        var path = file.TryGetLocalPath();
        if (path is null) { StatusText = "Error: could not resolve file path."; return; }

        try
        {
            int w = Editor.Container.Width, h = Editor.Container.Height;
            uint[] argb = _compositor.Composite(Editor.ActiveDocument, w, h);
            await using var fs = File.Create(path);
            _bmpExporter.Export(fs, argb, w, h);
            StatusText = $"Exported BMP: {Path.GetFileName(path)}";
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            StatusText = $"BMP export failed: {ex.Message}";
        }
    }

    [RelayCommand]
    private async Task ExportGifAsync()
    {
        if (Editor.Container is null || Editor.Container.Documents.Count == 0) return;
        if (Owner?.StorageProvider is not { } sp) return;

        var file = await sp.SaveFilePickerAsync(new FilePickerSaveOptions
        {
            Title = "Export animation as GIF",
            DefaultExtension = "gif",
            FileTypeChoices = [GifFileType],
            SuggestedFileName = Editor.FilePath is not null
                ? Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(Editor.FilePath) + ".gif"
                : "animation.gif",
        });
        if (file is null) return;

        var path = file.TryGetLocalPath();
        if (path is null) { StatusText = "Error: could not resolve file path."; return; }

        try
        {
            int w = Editor.Container.Width, h = Editor.Container.Height;
            var frames = new List<(uint[] Pixels, uint DelayMs)>();
            foreach (var doc in Editor.Container.Documents)
            {
                uint[] argb = _compositor.Composite(doc, w, h);
                frames.Add((argb, doc.FrameDelayMs));
            }

            await using var fs = File.Create(path);
            _gifExporter.Export(fs, frames, w, h);
            StatusText = $"Exported GIF ({frames.Count} frames): {Path.GetFileName(path)}";
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            StatusText = $"GIF export failed: {ex.Message}";
        }
    }

    #endregion
}

A.42. Minint/ViewModels/ToolType.cs

namespace Minint.ViewModels;

public enum ToolType
{
    Brush,
    Eraser,
    Fill,
    Select
}

A.43. Minint/ViewModels/ToolTypeConverters.cs

using System;
using System.Globalization;
using Avalonia.Data.Converters;

namespace Minint.ViewModels;

/// <summary>
/// Static IValueConverter instances for binding RadioButton.IsChecked to ToolType.
/// These are one-way (read-only) — the RadioButton Command sets the actual value.
/// </summary>
public static class ToolTypeConverters
{
    public static readonly IValueConverter IsBrush = new ToolTypeConverter(ToolType.Brush);
    public static readonly IValueConverter IsEraser = new ToolTypeConverter(ToolType.Eraser);
    public static readonly IValueConverter IsFill = new ToolTypeConverter(ToolType.Fill);
    public static readonly IValueConverter IsSelect = new ToolTypeConverter(ToolType.Select);

    private sealed class ToolTypeConverter(ToolType target) : IValueConverter
    {
        public object Convert(object? value, Type targetType, object? parameter, CultureInfo culture)
            => value is ToolType t && t == target;

        public object ConvertBack(object? value, Type targetType, object? parameter, CultureInfo culture)
            => target;
    }
}

A.44. Minint/ViewModels/ViewModelBase.cs

using CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.ComponentModel;

namespace Minint.ViewModels;

public abstract class ViewModelBase : ObservableObject
{
}

A.45. Minint/Views/ContrastDialog.axaml.cs

using System;
using Avalonia.Controls;
using Avalonia.Interactivity;

namespace Minint.Views;

public partial class ContrastDialog : Window
{
    public double Factor => FactorSlider.Value;

    public ContrastDialog()
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        FactorSlider.PropertyChanged += (_, e) =>
        {
            if (e.Property == Slider.ValueProperty)
                FactorLabel.Text = FactorSlider.Value.ToString("F1");
        };

        OkButton.Click += (_, _) => Close(true);
        CancelButton.Click += (_, _) => Close(false);
    }
}

A.46. Minint/Views/MainWindow.axaml.cs

using System;
using Avalonia.Controls;
using Avalonia.Controls.Primitives;
using Minint.Controls;
using Minint.ViewModels;

namespace Minint.Views;

public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
    public MainWindow()
    {
        InitializeComponent();
    }

    protected override void OnOpened(EventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnOpened(e);

        var canvas = this.FindControl<PixelCanvas>("Canvas");
        var hScroll = this.FindControl<ScrollBar>("HScroll");
        var vScroll = this.FindControl<ScrollBar>("VScroll");

        if (canvas is not null && hScroll is not null && vScroll is not null)
            canvas.AttachScrollBars(hScroll, vScroll);

        if (canvas is not null && DataContext is MainWindowViewModel vm)
            WireCanvasEvents(canvas, vm.Editor);
    }

    protected override void OnDataContextChanged(EventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnDataContextChanged(e);
        if (DataContext is MainWindowViewModel vm)
            vm.Owner = this;
    }

    private static void WireCanvasEvents(PixelCanvas canvas, EditorViewModel editor)
    {
        canvas.Editor = editor;

        canvas.ToolDown += (px, py) => editor.OnToolDown(px, py);
        canvas.ToolDrag += (px, py) => editor.OnToolDrag(px, py);
        canvas.CursorPixelChanged += pixel => editor.PreviewCenter = pixel;
        canvas.GetPreviewMask = () => editor.GetPreviewMask();

        canvas.SelectionStart += (px, py) => editor.BeginSelection(px, py);
        canvas.SelectionUpdate += (px, py) => editor.UpdateSelection(px, py);
        canvas.SelectionEnd += (px, py) => { editor.FinishSelection(px, py); canvas.InvalidateVisual(); };

        canvas.PasteMoved += (px, py) => editor.MovePaste(px, py);
        canvas.PasteCommitted += () => { editor.CommitPaste(); canvas.InvalidateVisual(); };
        canvas.PasteCancelled += () => { editor.CancelPaste(); canvas.InvalidateVisual(); };
    }
}

A.47. Minint/Views/NewContainerDialog.axaml.cs

using Avalonia.Controls;

namespace Minint.Views;

public partial class NewContainerDialog : Window
{
    public int CanvasWidth => (int)(WidthInput.Value ?? 64);
    public int CanvasHeight => (int)(HeightInput.Value ?? 64);

    public NewContainerDialog()
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        OkButton.Click += (_, _) => Close(true);
        CancelButton.Click += (_, _) => Close(false);
    }
}

A.48. Minint/Views/PatternDialog.axaml.cs

using System;
using System.Linq;
using Avalonia.Controls;
using Avalonia.Interactivity;
using Avalonia.Media;
using Minint.Core.Models;
using Minint.Core.Services;

namespace Minint.Views;

public partial class PatternDialog : Window
{
    public PatternType SelectedPattern =>
        PatternCombo.SelectedItem is PatternType pt ? pt : PatternType.Checkerboard;

    public RgbaColor PatternColor1
    {
        get
        {
            var c = Color1Picker.Color;
            return new RgbaColor(c.R, c.G, c.B, c.A);
        }
    }

    public RgbaColor PatternColor2
    {
        get
        {
            var c = Color2Picker.Color;
            return new RgbaColor(c.R, c.G, c.B, c.A);
        }
    }

    public int PatternParam1 => (int)(Param1.Value ?? 8);
    public int PatternParam2 => (int)(Param2.Value ?? 8);

    public PatternDialog()
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        PatternCombo.ItemsSource = Enum.GetValues<PatternType>().ToList();
        PatternCombo.SelectedIndex = 0;

        Color1Picker.Color = Color.FromRgb(0, 0, 0);
        Color2Picker.Color = Color.FromRgb(255, 255, 255);

        OkButton.Click += (_, _) => Close(true);
        CancelButton.Click += (_, _) => Close(false);
    }
}